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INSTRUCTIONS ON THE^ 
(legs, FEET AND TEETh) 
7 OF THE HORSE, r '^ 




PROF. W^ RUSSELL 

I^CINCINNATl,OMIO.= 




Class _^I_M1_ 
Book ,1^.54- 
Copyright )l° 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



/^ o/)/ 



^^ 



PRESCRIPTIOXS AND INSTRUCTIONS 



FOR TREATING THE 



DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS 
OF THE HORSE 

By PROF. WILLIAM RUSSELL 

TOGETHER Wnil A 

TREATISE ON THE TEETH OF THE HORSE 

By ^^/'. A. LEWIS, D.V. S. 




CINCINNATI 

THE ROBERT CLARKE COMPANY 

1902 



THE utf«Af»v mr 

Two OpMii Rtfifivu 

APR. I 1902 

C o rmmtr mtrwt 

c\.im o^ xxfr No. 

0OPVA_ 



Copyrighted, 1902, by 
PROF. AVILLIA:M RFvSSEIJ. 



^ 



A 



k 



X . 



INTRODUCTION. 



Following are s6mp,^.];easons why every lover of the 
horse, horseman and; 'hOrseShoer' should have a copy of the 
Sixth Edition of my .woi'k,. on • "Scientific Horseshoeing/' 
and study it well. It gives jnp^t valuable information on 
scientific horseshoeing, shows beyond all doubt how to pre- 
serve the foot in the state of nature, and how to restore the 
foot and leg w^hen they become diseased from neglect or 
improper and ill-constructed shoes, as seventy-five per cent 
of foot and leg lameness is caused by allowing the foot to 
grow too long at the toe or too high at the heels. By 
keeping the feet properly balanced under the legs the weight 
of the body is equally distributed to all pai'ts of the feet and 
legs. If the feet are jDroperly pared and shoes properly 
fitted and driven on, there is but little danger of tlie horse 
having sore or tender feet. As the old adage says, "Pre- 
vention is better than cure." 

" Scientific Horseshoeing" is a book of 346 pages, with 
over 500 illustrations of the feet and legs of the horse and 
slioes to suit all gaits, the walk, the trot, the pace, the 
gallop, and the fleet-footed running horse. By having a 
copy of the Sixth Edition and studying its contents you 
will avoid ninety per cent of the foot and leg lameness. It 
is published by The Robert Clarke Company, 31-35 East 
Fourth street, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

PROF. AVAL RUSSELL, 
Xo. 1722 Freemax Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

(iii) 



MEDALS. 



At the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, held in 1870, 
First Premium Silver ]\Iedal and Diploma were awarded to 
Wm. Russell for the best display of hand-made horseshoes 
and for morbid specimens of horses' feet, caused by improper 
shoeing. 

The First Premiums and Diplomas have been awarded 
to Prof. Wm. Russell's display of hand-made horseshoes, as 
above, for the successive years 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 
1875, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1883. 

First Premiums have been awarded to Prof. Wm. Rus- 
sell's display wherever exhibited, notably at the Texas State 
Fairs and Dallas Exposition, held in 1889 and 1890. Best 
system of scientific horseshoeing, best display of hand-made 
horseshoes, and best display of morbid specimens of horses' 
feet. 

Have been awarded First Premium Medal and Diploma 
at the AVorld's Fair, held in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1876. 

Was awarded First Premium, Medal and Diploma at the 
World's Fail-, held in Chicago, Illinois, in 1893. 

Was awarded First Premium, Medal and Diploma at the 
World's Fair, held in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1897. 

I can say one thing, without boasting : ^have taken 
more First Premiums tlian any man living. I have the 
Medals and Diplomas to sliow for themselves in my office. I 
have always been awarded First Premium Avherever I made 
an exhibit with my hand-made horseshoes and horses' feet 
and legs. I have always taken first prizes wherever I have 
made an exhibit with my hand-made shoes and specimens of 
horses' feet and legs. I have over two hundred and fifty 

(6) W 



MEDALS. 7 

different styles of hand-made shoes which I have invented 
and made myself in the past fifty years. 

Horseshoeing is one of the trades a man never finishes 
learning. As time changes, almost everything changes. As 
the horse increases in speed, he quickens liis evolution and 
changes his way of going. I wish to impress upon the minds 
of horse owners and drivers that in shoeing track horses it is 
more or less experimenting. The shoer, driver and trainer 
must experiment in getting the feet and toes of just the riglit 
length, and shoes just the riglit weight; weight and thick- 
ness and style to suit the gait of the horse, as scarcely any 
two speed horses are shaped and gaited alike. The style and 
weight of shoes that would suit one horse would not be suit- 
able for another. So, after all, shoeing speed and race horses 
is experimenting in getting their feet just the riglit length 
on the ground tread, and shoes just tlie riglit weight ; weight 
and thickness and style to suit the gait of the horse. As the 
horse increases in speed he changes his way of going and re- 
quires a different style of shoe. 

Why every man who shoes horses should have a copy 
of my Sixth Edition : It has over 500 cuts of different styles 
of shoes, feet and legs, over 348 pages. It contains sixty-four 
vears of experience at the anvil, with hammer and tongs, 
knife and rasp in hands under the horse. Any man who 
will follow the instructions given can do fifty per cent better 
work by following the instructions given in the book than 
without following the instructions. Send and get a copy of 
•the Sixth Edition. 

Why every nian owning horses ought to have the Sixth 
Edition is tdBcnow for himself w^hen his horses' feet are 
properly shod and the foot and leg is set plumb under the 
Ijody. It ought. not to be a question how cheap I can get 
my horse shod. The question ought to be, how good can I 
get my horse shod, so as to preserve his usefulness. Plorses 
do not wear out from hard work ; they wear out from the 
abuse of the foot and log-. 



THE SKELETON AND OUTLINES OF THE HORSE 

DRAWN FRO:\I NATURE. See Fig. 1. 



1. Cranium and face. 

2. Lower jaw. 

3. Cervical vertebrse— Jointed process of 
the neck. 

4-4. Dorsal vertebrae— Jointed process nf 
the back. 

.5-.i. Lumbar vertebrae — Jointed process ol 
the loins. 

6-0. Sacrum. A consolidation of five vor- 
tetarie, articulated, or jointed in front with 
the last lumbar, or loin vertebrae, and behind 
witli the first coccygeal bone; and on tlie 
sides with the coxae, the bones which, with 
the sacrum, form the pelvis. The sacrum is 
triangular, flattened above and below, and 
from before and behind, describes a slight 
curve upward. 

7-7. Coccygeal vertebrae— Jointed process 
extending from sacrum backward. 

8. Sub-trochanterian crest. 

9-9. True ribs. 

10-lU. t^artilages of true ribs. 

11-11. False ribs. 

12-12. Cartilage.s of false ribs. 

13. Collar-bone. 

14. Fourteentli Dor-sal Vertebra — Tlie 
axis upon wiiich the body is hung. 

15. Radius— Forearm. 

16. Elbow. 

17. Pisiform, or pea-shaped bone. 

18. Cuneiform, or wedge-shaped bone. 

19. Lunar t)one. 

20. TrajK'zoid, or table bone. 

21. ALTgnum, or large bone. 

22. .Scaphoid, or cradle bone. 

23. Unciform, or liock bone. The pisiform 
bone, together witli the last six named, make 
•up the carpal bones, and correspond with 
the wrist bones of man. 

24. Cannon or shank bone. 

2-5-26. Splint bones, two on each leg. 
27-28. Sesamoid bones. 
29. Upper pastern bone. 



30. Coronary, or lower pastern bones. 

31. Cortin or foot bone. 

3J. Wing of coffin, or foot bone. 
33-36 and 34-3.5. Coxae- these bones with 
the sacrum form the pelvis. 

37. Femur. 

38. Tibia. 

39. Os calcis— heel bone. 

40. .\stralagus. 

41. Scaphoid, or cradle bone, 

42. Cuneiform, or large wedge-shaped bone. 

43. Os cuboides, or cube bone. 

44. Little cuneiform, or wedge-shaped 
bone. Tiie heel bone, together with the five 
last named, form the tarsus, or hock, 

45. Cannon, or shank bone. 

46-47. Exterior and interior splint bones. 
4S. Shoulder. 

49. Fibula. 

50, 50, 50, 50. Navicular or nut bone. 

A. Molars. 

B. Canine teeth or tusts. 

C. Incisors. 

E. Atlas— First Vertebra, or joint of neck, 
and articulating or jointing immediately 
with the occipital f)r head bone, sustaining 
the head. Hence its name. 

G. Orbit— Cavity in which the eye is situ- 
ated. 

H. Lower tusks. 
I. Lower lip. 

M. Carini form cartilages. 

N. Ensiform, or sword-shaped cartilage. 

O. Coracoid process of scapula. 

P. Spine. 

Q. ('artilage, or gristle. 

R. Major trochanter. 

S. Sternum, or breastbone. 

T. Trochlea. 

U. External condyle. 

V. Patella or stifle. 

W. Hock joint. 

X. Trochanter — Major externus. 



FIG. 2. 

SECTION OF RIGHT FRONT FOOT AND LOWER PORTION OF LEG SHOWING 
ARTICULATIONS OF BONES AND TENDONS. 



A. Coffin bone, or os pedis. 

B. Navicular, or nut bone. 

C. Lower pastern bone. 

D. Upper pastern bone. 

E. Lower end of cannon bone. 

P. Velvety tissue, or sensitive sole. 

G. Horny"outer wall. 

H. Horny, or insensitive sole. 

I. Horny", or insensitive frog. 

K. Plantar cushion and sensitive sole. 



L. Horny, or insensitive laminae. 

M. Sensitive laminae. 

N-X. Front extensor tendon. 

O-O. Flexor perloratus (superficial flexor). 

P-P. Flexor perforans (deep flexor of the 
foot, inserted under the coffin bone). 

R. Suspensory tendon of the fetlock. 

S. Sesamoid bones (dotted lines). 

T-T. Branch of perforatus tendon attached 
to upper side of lower pastern bone. 



FIGS. 2-a AND 2-b. 



SIDE VIEWS' 



FORE AND HIND LEGS A 
OF THE TENDONS, LIG 



A. Flexor perforatus. 
B-B-B. Flexor perforans. 

C. Metacarpal or upper check ligament of 
the perforans tendon. 

D. Suspensory ligament of the fetlock. 

E. Front extensor tendon (inserted into 
foot of coffin bone). 

F. Splint bfnie. 

G (Fig. 3). Branching of the suspensory 
ligament. 

H-H (Fig. 2-a) and H (Fig. 2-b). Branch of 
suspen.soty ligament passing forward to join 
the e.Ntensor tendon. ^^ 

I-J. Periosteum membrane cova^pg sur- 
face of cannon and pastern bones. 

K. Junction of suspensory ligament and 
extensor tendon forming broad covering to 
lower pastern. 



ND FEET, SHOWING CORRECT POSITIONS 
.\MENTS AND SHEATHS. 

L (Fig. 2-a). Fibrous reticulum (podophyl- 
lus tissue), forrr ing the numerous leaves of 
the sensitive If.Qinae, covering the external 
face of the coffin bone and interlocking with 
the horny leaves ( keraphyllous tissue) of the 
inner surface of the surrounding wall. 

M. Pastern supporting, or lowerchecklign- 
ment. See Fig. 4, p. 51, "Scientific Horse- 
shoeing," for full explanation. 

N (Fig. 2-b). Tarsal sheath. 

N (Fig. 2-b). Oblique extensor. 

O (Fig. 2-b). Anterior extensor of meta- 
carpus. 

P (Fig. 2-b). Lateral cartilage. 

R (Fig. 2-b). (Joronary chamber. 

S (Fig. 2-b). Horny exterior, or outei 
wall of hoof. 

T Sesamoidal sheath. 



CONTENTS. 



Useful Prescription's. 

Nu. I'AfJE. 

1. Cleansing the Feet J 4 

2. Foot Salve 14 

3. Liniment for Chronic and I'uinful Inflammations of Tendons, Coro- 

nary Cushion, etc 16 

4. Wash for General Purposes IG 

5. "Witch Hazel Wash, for General Purposes, such as Strained Tendons, 

Sore Loins and Soreness of the Muscles 17 

6. Black Liniment 17 

7. Condition Powders 17 

8. Green Liniment for Scratches and Old Sores IS 

9. A Good Liniment for Soreness of Tendons, Loins and Coronary Band. 18 
10. Hoof Paste for Building up Flat Feet and Kestoring Broken-down 

Quarters 18 

] ] . Green Ointment for Scratches and Granulations 19 

12. Liniment to Remove Pain and Produce Local Anesthesia in a Part 

Affected 19 

13. Eye Wash to Relieve Soreness and Improve Clouded Sight in Horses. 20 

14. Green Salve for Old Sores or Scratches on the Horse 20 

15. Recipe for Colic 20 

16. Hoof OintmeAt 21 

17. Recipe for Kidney Trouble • 21 

18. Reci))e for Loosening up Cold in the Head 21 

19. Treatment for Weak Ankles or Knuckling 22 

20. Recipe for Splints on Horses 22 

21. For Horse's Feet; for Old (Jhronic Cases, such as Bruised Heels, 

Wounds of Nail, and Other Causes 23 

22. Ringbone, Spavin, Curb-splints, Thorough-pin and Wind-galls 23 

23. Caution 24 

24. To Remove Warts on Horses 25 

25. For Lamp|J|{s 25 

26. Unexcelled Cough Powders 25 

27. Celebrated Cough Syrup 26 

28. To Kill Worms in the Horse 26 

29. To Kill Lice on the Horse 26 

30. For the Prick or AVound of a Nail in the Foot 2(> 

31. To Stop the Flow of Blood 27 

32. Liniment for Nail Punctures and Thrush 27 

33. Treatment for Sore Tendons, Curbs, and Callous Skin 27 

:M. Quittors of the Bone and F^sh 28 

* 111) 



12 CONTENTS. 

No. I'A(;i:. 

35. Poultice for Horses' Feet, Wounds of Nails, Bruised Heel or Insole. 30 

30. Remedy for Kidney Trouble 31 

37. Relief for the Heaves 31 

38. For Corns and Bruised Heels in Horses' Feet 31 

39. Recipe to Preserve the Hair on the Skin after tlie Horse liasliied. 3- 

40. "Worm Powder for the Horse .32 

4 1 . Wash for Sore Mouth of the Horse 33 

42. Recipe for Horse Colic 33 

42\. Treatment for Arm or Shoe Boils 33 

43. Red Liniment 34 

44. Cure for Barbed-wire Fence Bruises 34 

45. A Good Powder for Horse or Man 35 

Useful Tools, etc. — 

Heating Irons and Hook 36 

Russell's Foot Adjuster 37 

The Compass 37 

Russell's Foot Adjuster Applied in Front and Over tlie Quarters.. 38 
Under Surface of a Perfect Front Hoof, Properly Prepared for the 

Shoe 39 

Russell's Heel Adjuster 40 

Russell's Hand Vise 41 

Russell's Foot Tester 42 

Russell's Root Leveling Plate 42 

Leg and Foot Tester 43 

Valuable Hints to Farriers and Horsemen 47 

Problems in Farriery 49 

Rate of Speed of Trotters and Pacer. .-. j 51 

Abnormal Feet 52 

Faults of Structui:e and Action G2 

Curb 68 

Speed Horses and their Stride — 

Line Trotter at a Slow Gait 70 

Maud S.'s Stride 71 

Maud S 72 

Jay Gould's Stride 73 

Natural Trotter 74 

Cross Firer 75 

Splay Foot 77 

Pigeon Toe 77 

Line Trotter 78 

Hitching and Hopping Behind 80 

Colored Plates of the Anatomy of the Foot and Leg 83-94 

Treatise on the Teeth op the LIorse, by W. A. Lewis, D.V.S 95 

Cutting — Causes, Effects, and Treatment 96 

Parrot Mouth 101 

Mow TO Tell the Age of the Horse 103 

] )osES FOR the Horse « 110 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS 



TREATING DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 



The recipes and prescriptions herein I have gatliered from 
many which have come to my knowledge in the course of C4 
years experience as a horseshoer, and all of which I have tried 
with satisfactory results. In the treatment of the horse for' 
diseases of the leg or foot, which have come through accident or 
improper care, much depends upon good judgment and the 
proper application of the remedy. And riglit here I want to 
say that it is far from my intention to advise that the attend- 
ance of a regular veterinarian be dispensed with, when any 
serious form of disease exists which calls for medical treatment 
beyond the farrier's art. Nor do I desire to appear in a false 
light with respect to the valid claims of professional veterinary 
practice. At all times surgical treatment of the foot is com- 
bined more or less with the mechanical work of shoeing, and a 
capable farrier should to-day be more than a more worker in 
iron, and it is for his guidance that I have published these 
recipes and prescriptions. 

Success in the use of these preparations, I may add, de- 
pends upon a right understanding of the nature of the trouble 
in each instance, and then in the proper application of the 
remedy. . ^13) 



14 USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 

No. 1. 

Cleansing the feet. — The importance of cleanliness in 
keeping the feet of horses free from certain disorders of the 
skin and other excretory matters that are causative of eruptions 
can not be overlooked. In prescribing a simple wash for the 
feet, therefore, it is only a step in the way of preventing disorder 
in its functions, to which neglect of such precaution may lead. 
In hot, dry weather the extremities of the limbs should be 
thoroughly scoured at least once a day. Use the best castile 
soap, with a liberal supply of warm water, and make a good 
stiff lather and apply it with a brush — to rub it in and thus 
cleanse the skin from all impurities. Then rinse off with clear 
water and dry with a cloth. This operation should apply to all 
parts of the ankle and hoof, including the heels, and in this way 
a clear, healthy condition of skin and elastic, tough, glossy 
wall will be insured, if the foot is otherwise healthy. 

No. 2. 

Foot Salve. — Shoemaker's wax, ^ lb.. Beeswax, J lb.; mut- 
ton tallow, for summer use, J lb., and for winter use, J lb. To 
be melted in an iron pot over a gentle fire, kept constantly 
stirred until the composition is well dissolved and thoroughly 
mixed. 

^This preparation is invaluable for many foot ailments when 
used according to directions. 

For Contraction. — After the foot has been prepared and 
the shoe fitted, have the salve well warmed, and fill the bottom 
of tlie foot with it, then cover with a thin overlay of white 
cotton or clean oakum, and nail on the shoe with a piece of 
leather fitted under the web to cover the bottom of the foot to 
retain the salve in place and protect it from dirt. 

For Coronitis. — Warm the salve as before and thoroughly 
saturate with it several pledgets or thin flat layers of white cot- 



usEFUii riii-:scRiPTio\s. 15 

ton, and cover the coronary band all round with a thick coating 
of salve, secured with a compress bandage of linen, hiid over it 
to keep it in place, after which rub a warm smoothing iron 
over the surface from toe to heels, repeating this process once 
or twice daily for the space of a week or more, being careful 
not to scorch or burn the bandage in so doing. The application 
of heat will operate as a tonic to stimulate the circulation 
throughout the diseased organ, causing it to absorb the salve, 
Avhich will at once check the ossified coronary cushion. 

For Laminitis and Yillitis, or for inflammation and sore- 
ness of the villous tissue of the toe and sole of the foot, follow 
the directions given for treatment and shoeing in Chapter VII, 
Russell's "Scientific Horseshoeing," covering such diseases. 

For Bruised and Ulcerated Heels. — Have the foot leveled 
and prepared by removing all the hard, dead portions of the 
horny sole around the affected part, then apply the salve and 
cotton in and around the sore or tender spot. After the shoe is 
applied, soak the foot in tubs of warm water, as this will act 
favorably in reducing inflammation and removing soreness. 

For Chapped Heels or Dry Skin. — Apply the salve same 
as above, secured with bandage, and repeat the heating process 
with warm iron as recommended for Coronitis, and all soreness 
or derangement will quickly disappear. 

For Punctured Wounds. — Whenever the foot is wounded 
by a nail or other sharp body, it will be necessary to immediately 
open up the injured spot by means of a drawing knife and 
remove the edges of the wounded parts as deep as the horny 
tissue extends. The salve is then to be poured into the orifice 
until the cavity is filled — the foot being held up that the salve 
may cool and harden. By having it remain there the stimulus 
which it imparts will soon allay any irritation and bring on a 
healthy growth. 



IG USEFUL rHKSCKIPTlONS. 



No. 3. 

Liniment for Chronic and Painful Inflammations of 
Tendons, Coronary Cushion, etc. — Tincturo of Aconite lioot, 
2 oz.; Spirits of Ammonia, '2 oz.; Tincture of Iodine, 4 oz. 
Mix and shake Avell before using. 

This remedy is applicable to all cases of soreness or inflam- 
mation in the tendons and coronary structures; also it operates 
favorably on bog spavins, wind galls, and chapped hocks. It 
stimulates the parts affected to healthy action by causing all 
exudations, whether of the bones or soft parts, to be quickly 
re-absorbed and the irritations alla^'ed. In applying, saturate 
and rub the parts affected well once a day, and in severe cases, 
twice a day, morning and evening, continuing the operation 
until recovery takes place. 

No. 4. 

Wash for General Purposes. — The following recipe is a 
mild caustic, and will result in no injury to the foot if used as 
directed: Carbolic Acid, 1 ounce ; Glycerine, 1 ounce; Distilled 
Water, 6 ounces. Mix thoroughly. 

When used for bruised heels, pare all the dead hard sole 
from around the bruised parts, thinning the insensitive sole un- 
til it will spring under the pressure of the thumb. After having 
done this, saturate white cotton large enough to cover the 
affected parts, lay over the bruise, and alloAV it to remain for 
fifteen or twenty minutes. Put a few drops of the wash on the 
cotton occasionally, so as to keep it thoroughly saturated. It 
sometimes happens that the horse' strikes his opposite ankle or 
shin, cutting it, and quite often proud flesh sets up in tlie 
wound. If this happens, take white cotton large enough to 
cover the wound, thoroughlj^ saturate with the wash and lay 
over the wound. Bandage the leg to hold the cotton in i)lace, 
and let it remain on the wound for fifteen or twentv minutes. 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 17 

This will remove the proud flesh and stimulate a healthy 
growth. I have used the above wash and it has always pro- 
duced the best and most satisfactory results. 



No. 5. 

Witch Hazel Wash, for G-eneral Purposes, such as 
Sprained Tendons, Sore Loins and Soreness of the Muscles. 
— Witch hazel wash is an old, long-standing remedy, well 
known to horsemen, and has a well-earned reputation as a 
relief for the above-named troubles. I have used it myself with 
the most satisfactory results. Always bear in mind to have the 
foot properly balanced, and a shoe so constructed and fitted that 
when nailed to the foot the horse will stand with his foot and 
leg naturally under the body. In this way the weight of the 
body is equally distributed to all parts of the foot and leg. 



No. 6. 

Black Liniment. — Oil Spike, Oil Stone, Oil Turpentine, 
a. a. This liniment is very valuable for burns or scalds, or fresh 
cuts in horses or men. Saturate white cotton with the liniment, 
large enough to cover the affected parts. Apply the cotton to 
the wound, and wrap a rag over it. Saturate three or four 
times a day with the liniment until cured. 



No. 7. 

Condition Powders. — Jamaica Ginger, powdered, 2 oz.; 
Black Antimony, 1 oz.; Salt Petre, 2 oz.; Gentian Powder, 2 oz,; 
Finogruk, 2 oz.; Rosin, powered, 2 oz. 

Give one tablespoonful once a day in Mash, made of bran 
and middlings. Put two tablespoonfuls of salt in the Mash, 
Feed light for a few days and give ths powers at night. 



18 USEFUL rKESCKIl'TIO.NS. 

No. 8. 

Green Liniment for Scratches and Old Sores. — Verdi- 
gris, h oz.; Oil of Origiuiuin. oz.: Barboroiis Tar, 6 oz.; Tur- 
pentine, 4 oz., Olive Oil, 14 oz.; Oil Spike, 2 oz. Mix. 

I have used this liniment with wonderful success for 
Scratches, Grease Heel, and removing grjinulated flesh in old 
sores. Before using, have the liniment well shaken up, so as 
to have it thoroughly mixed. In applying, thoroughly saturate 
the parts affected, and rub it in with the hand until they become 
softened. The old scales w\\\ exfoliate and be cast off, and the 
skin will become quite soft and pliable. Use once a day until 
cured. 

No. 9. 

A Good Liniment for Soreness of Tendons, Loins and 
Coronary Band. — Sulphuric Ether, 2 oz.; Chloroform, 2 oz.; 
Laudanum, 2 oz.; Liquor of Ammonia, 1 oz.; Croton Oil, ^ 
drachm ; turpentine, 1 pint. Mix and shake well before using. 

In case the horse shows signs of soreness in the tendons; 
muscles, etc., by pressure of the thumb and finger, apply the 
liniment to the affected parts. To test the loins for soreness 
pass the finger and thumb down on the back toward the hip- 
bones. Apply daily until the soreness disappears. This lini- 
ment will relax the skin and tendons and speedily remove 
soreness, but if applied too freely will blister. I gave $o0.00 
for this recipe. 

No. 10. 

Hoof Paste for Building up Flat Feet and Restoring 
Broken-down Quarters. — GuttaPercha, (3 oz.; Gum Ammonia, 
3 oz.; Burgundy Pitch, ^ oz. Heat and mix in a vessel over a 
slow^ fire until well dissolved. 

Before using this paste, the hoof must be pared as 
low at toe and heels as can be safely done, also the 
outside wall must be rasped to its proper shape and the 



USEFUL PHESCRIPTIOXS. 19 

shoe fitted in tlie maimer directed in Chapter lY, Russell's 
" Scientific Horseshoeing,'" punching the nail holes to enter at the 
strongest part of the wall. When this is done, have enough of 
the hoof paste in readiness by boiling it in hot water until it is 
quite soft and pliable. In this state it will be of an elastic con- 
sistency and may easily be stretched or molded to suit the pur- 
pose intended. Next have the hoof well warmed, wherever the 
paste is to be applied, by holding a piece of hot iron near 
enough to thoroughly heat the parts, as this will make the 
paste unite itself firmly to the hoof. Then with a stiff-bladed case 
knife, spread the paste over the parts of the hoof as required, 
to fill all defects evenly with the toe and heels, working it very 
quickly before it cools and hardens. After which nail on the 
shoe. By use of this paste as directed, any part of the hoof 
maybe built up to its natural form. The base of the wall or 
the bars may be restored, and where the sole is flat, the applica- 
tion of the paste in sufficient quantity will restore the flattest 
foot to a good cup-like form. This paste is also invaluable for 
filling, toe and quarter-cracks. 

No. 11. 
Green Ointment for Scratches and Granulations. — 
-Russian Tallow, lib.; White Rosin (ground), J lb.; Pulverized 
Alum, 1 oz.; Verdigris (pulverized), 4 oz.; Venice Turpentine, 
4 oz. Melt over a slow fire. This is good for scratches and for 
granulated flesh in horse's feet. 

No. 12. 

Liniment to Remove Pain and Produce Local Anes- 
thesia in a part affected.— A^eratria, 3 drachms; Soap Lini- 
ment, 2 oz.. Tincture Aconite Root, 2 oz. Mix. Rub in well 
with the hand every two or three hours, on the afiected parts 
of the horse. 

This is also valuable for the human being. When used for 



20 USEFUL I'liESCRIPTIOXS. 

man, rub the aftectcd parts well. After rubbing, cover with a 
warm piece of red flannel. Repeat every half hour until the 
pain ceases. This has proved to be one of the best liniments 
I have ever used for lumbago for pains in any part of the body. 
After rubbing,w ash your hands well with soap and warm water, 
otherwise, they should not come in contact with the face or 
eyes, as a painful, smarting sensation will be created, although 
its effects will not be injurious to eitber face or eyes. 

No. 13. 

Eye Wash to Relieve Soreness and Improve Clouded 
Sight in Horses. — Put half a pint of rain or spring water, half 
a drachm of White Vitrol, and half a drachm of Sugar of Lead 
together. Take a fine camel's hair brush, and with it put one 
drop in the eye, night and morning, until the scum or film is 
removed. I have known this to remove the worst cases in 48 
hours, so as to show a good clear eye 

No. 14. 

Green Salve for Old Sores or Scratches on the Horse. — 
Rosin, 4 oz.; Hog's Lard, | lb.; Beeswax, 3 oz.; Common 
Turpentine, 6 oz. Dissolve in an iron pot, over a gentle fire ; 
then add 2 oz. of pulverized Verdigris. Stir all together until 
they are thoroughly mixed. Strain through a coarse cloth, and 
set aside until it cools. It is then ready for use. This is a 
splendid salve for old sores, bruised heels and scratches on 
horses. I have used it with great success. 

No. 15. 

Recipe for Colic. — Tincture Opium, 2 drachms; Tincture 
Capsicum, 2 drachms ; S[)irits Peppermint, 2 drachms; Tincture 
Rhubarb, 2 drachms; Spirits Camphor, 2 drachms. To 1 gill of 
Molasses, ^ pint of water. Mix for one dose. Repeat in 30 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 21 

minutes, if not relieved. This should be kept on hand by all 
who keep charge of horses, as it is invaluable as a remedy for 
colic. 

This painful affection of the bowels requires prompt atten- 
tion, and the above is to be given in a drench. 

No. 16. 

Hoof Ointment. — Pine Tar, Fresh Butter, Carbolic Acid, 
Strained Honey. Equal portions of each to be melted over a 
slow fire. To be applied around the coronet band three times 
a week. Have it rubbed in well with the finger, from the hair 
about one inch, down around on the hoof. There are cases 
where nature requires assistance, and it is only in chronic cases 
and whenever the foot becomes hard and dry from fever and 
laminitis, and has partially lost its growth, looking rigid and 
rough, that I would recommend the above hoof ointment. If 
used as directed, it will produce good results. 

No. 17. 

Recipe for Kidney Trouble. — Equal parts of Buchu and 
Uva Ursi Tea. Give one-half pint at a dose twice a day. It 
can be given in a drench or in food. Also give one pint of fresh 
Elax Seed Oil at a dose twice a day, two hours after giving him 
the drench. Get the flax seed, put a sufiicient quantity into an 
iron pot, over which pour water, boil the seeds well, then skim 
off' the oil to give to the horse. In this way the oil will be 
fresh and pleasant, and may be given in a drench or in food. 
Better to use chopped feed. 

No. 18. 

Recipe for Loosening up Cold in the Head.— In case 
the head and throat are partially closed up from the effects of a 
cold, or other causes, steam the head well with hot bran. Take 
a small measure of bran in a bag, place this in hot water, and 



22 USEFL'L i'KESCKIPTrOXS. 

then take ^ of a teaspoonful of aimiionia and pour it on the 
steamed bran. Hold the bag over the liead and let the horse's 
nose remain in the bag for 15 or 20 minutes. By so doing, 
this will loosen up the mucus in the head and throat, allowing 
the horse to breathe more easily. Repeat the steaming, as may 
be necessary to keep the head open. Be careful not to let the 
horse take cold after steaming. 

No. 19. 

Treatment for Weak Ankles or Knuckling. — By referring 
to Chapter VIII, Russell's "Scientific Horseshoeing," under the 
head of Defective Ankle Joints, a full description is here given for 
preparing the foot, and a style of shoe shown for remedying this 
defect. After having the foot in shape and the shoe nailed on, 
clip ofl' all the hair around the fetlock joint close to the skin. 
Then apply porous plasters cut in strips one and a half inches 
wide. Let the horse stand on foot, dip the plaster in warm water, 
and wrap it six or eight times around the joint for a bandage, both 
above and below, at least two inches each w^ay. After this has 
been done, cover with a red flannel bandage, and let it remain for 
three or four weeks. As the hair begins to grow, the bandage will 
become loose, when it must be removed, and the hair clipped close 
to the skin, and renew above treatment, applying bandages as 
before. In extreme cases it w^ill be advantageous to have an 
iron toe piece, two inches wide, extending forward two inches, 
welded on the front of shoe level with the ground surface, with- 
out calks to heels of shoe. Let the horse have rest. By faith- 
fully adhering to these directions, the most stubborn cases will 
be cured. I have used it and never failed to make a cure. 

No. 20. 
Recipe for Splints on Horses. — Equal parts Mercury 
and Spanish Flies. Mix into a salve. Before using, clip the 
hair off around the enlargements of the bony structure. Then 



USEFUL PEJvSCRIPTlOXS. 23 

cover it with this salve. Let it remain oti for three days. Then 
grease well with fresh lard, and let it remain on for three days. 
After this, wash the sore well with earbolic-acid soap and warm 
water, and then apply the salve again, as above, followed by the 
greasing and washing, until the enlargement of the boney struct- 
ure has been removed. If used as per directions, a successful 
cure will follow. Keep the head of the horse tied up during 
this treatment, so he can not bite the sore. 

No. 21. 

For Horse's Feet. For Old Chronic Cases, such as 
Bruised Heels, Wounds of Nails, and Other Causes. — 
Washing Soda, 4 oz.; Four Broken Eggs ; Pulverized Alum, 2 
oz.; Carbolic Acid, 2 oz.; Ground Flax Seed, enough to make a 
poultice to suit the occasion. Mix all together into a poultice; 
apply to foot as warm as possible ; tie up the foot so as to retain 
the poultice. In case of suftering, add 4 oz. laudanum to the 
above. Remove the poultice after 24 hours, and have the wound 
thoroughly washed with warm water and carbolic soap. In case 
the wound requires another poultice, repeat the above for 24 
hours longer. In almost every case tv^'o poultices are sufficient. 
In many cases the foot would be better off having a shoe lightly 
nailed on the foot. The above is a recipe par excellence for 
poulticing bad ulcerated heels, especially if broken out at the 
coronet. 



24 rsKKUL IMtKSCKll'I'loNS. 



No. 22. 

Ringbone, Spavin, Side-bone, Curb-splints, thorough- 
pin, Wind-puff or Pastern, Bog Spavin. — Oil of Origuuuin, 
Tincture of Iodine, Oil Stone, Tincture Camphor, Tincture 
Turpentine, Tincture Cantliarides, Corrosive Sublimate, Oil of 
Cedar, Croton Oil, Gum Eupborbium, of eacb one ounce. Mix 
with ten ounces of fresh lard. Cut off the hair the size of the 
lump and around the bony deposit. Use ointment on the 
affected parts lightly once a day for three days, and grease the 
blister once a da}^ with Castor Oil for three days. The seventh 
day wash the blistered part with warm water and castile soap. 
After having the blistered part thoroughly dried, use the 
liquid or salve as before for twenty-four days and the horse will 
be relieved if not cured of his lameness, and in many cases 
the lump will be removed. When the above named medicine 
is mixed altogether, it will be a liquid. When used in a 
liquid state, take a soft brush ; dip into liquid ; brush over 
the affected parts lightly so as to produce a sweat blister. 
When I have my druggist to make the spavin medicine, I have 
it made into a salve. I always apply the salve to the affected 
parts with the linger. If the medicine is used according to the 
above instructions given, it is a sure cure for all the above- 
named diseases of the foot [and leg. In my Sixth Edition, I 
invented and made a four-calked shoe to be used for spavins. 
On pages 248 and 249 is a cut of the four-calked shoe to be used 
for spavins, and full instructions given how to shoe the foot to 
give relief to spavin leg at once. When made into a liquid, 
keep the bottle corked tight. When made into a salve and 
put into a tin box, some of the ingredients are less liable to 
evaporate. Always bear in mind to keep the medicine tightly 
boxed up. This recipe is one of the Scotch spavin remedies ttiat 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 25 

has been used over one hundred years ago, and it lias proven 
to be a success wherever used, if used according to instructions 
given. 

No. 23. 

Caution. — IS'ever use Butter of Antimony, or Spirits of 
Salt, for wounds of nails, corns, or bruised heels, as is frequently 
done by many shoers, as these acids are very injurious to the 
feet. I have specimens showing their destructive effects upon 
the wines of the coffin-bone, which were diseased and wasted 
away from their use. 

No. 24. 

To Remove Warts on Horses. — Muriate of Ammonia, 
two drachms; powdered Savin, one ounce; fresh Lard, twelve 
ounces. Mix all together, and it will be ready for use. Apply 
daily, and they will soon disappear. 

No. 25. 

For Lampers. — All 3'oung horses are more or less liable 
to this trouble; it is nothing but inflammation of the gums. 
Bleed or scarify the gums ; never burn, for it may add to the 
disease of the teeth. After bleeding or scarifying, rub the gums 
well with salt, and feed bran mash so as to keep the bowels re- 
laxed for a few days. 

No. 26. 

Unexcelled Cough Powders. — Angelica Root, 4 oz.; Ze- 
doary, 4 oz.; Galangal, 4 oz. Grind coarse, put into evapora- 
ting dish, moisten with alcohol, then pack tight, cover it over 
and let it stand until next day ; then pack in a percolator and 
pour on alcohol slowly until one pint is filtered through, then 



26 USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 

evaporate to a dry powder and add 2 oz. of Tied Sulphuret of 
Antimony burnt black in a crucible; Sulphur, ^ lb.; Fenugreek, 
lib. Mix into a powder; give one tablespoonful twice a day 
in feed. Better to feed mash or chop feed. This recipe is in- 
valuable to horse owners, and the powder should be kept con- 
stantly on hand. 

No. 27. 

Celebrated Cough Syrup. — One of the finest preventives 
for lung fever, which the horse is subjected to in certain climates 
and seasons of the year. 

Oil of Tar, 2 oz.; Balsam of Fir, 2 oz.; Alcohol, 8 oz.; Mix. 
Shake well before using. In case you find your horse has taken 
cold and commences to cough, give one ounce of the liquid at a 
dose three times a day, one hour before or after eating. The 
best and easiest way to give the medicine is to get a long necked 
syringe, open the horse's mouth, pull his tongue partly out, then 
put the syringe well into his mouth and throat, and inject the 
medicine. Always have two persons at hand to assist in this 
operation. 

No. 28. 

To Kill Worms in the Horse. — Give one handful of pul- 
verized sage in mash feed at night for fourteen days. 

No. 29. 

To Kill Lice on the Horse. — Equal parts of Acetic Acid 
and water. Mix. Sprinkle with the liquid over the body lightly 
once a day for three days. A good receipt for the above purpose. 

No. 30. 

For the Prick or Wound of a Nail in the Foot. — Equal 
parts of Carbolic Acid and Morphine, a. a. 

First, open the wound to the bottom with a farrier's knife ; 
then drop the wash into the wound, saturate white cotton with 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. '-^ i 

the wash, lay the cotton into the wound, let it remain there for 
fifteen or twenty minutes, then get pickled fat salt pork from the 
brine, cut into slices, cover the bottom of the foot well with it, 
and tack on the shoe lightly with a piece of sole leather, so as to 
retain the poultice in its place; have it dressed occasionally until 
the soreness is removed. This treatment is also good for thrush 
in feet. 

No. 31. 

To Stop the Flow of Blood. — Horses are often liable to 
calk themselves in icy weather, after having been sharp shod. 
The wound in many cases is deep and hard to cure. To stop 
the flow of blood, saturate a sufficient quantity of white cotton 
to cover the wound, with Muriate of Iron, and bind over the 
wound with a cloth bandage. 

No. 32. 

Liniment for Nail Punctures and Thrush. — Corrosive 
Sublimate, 2 oz.; Gum Camphor, pulverized, 2 oz.; Spirits of 
Turpentine, 1 quart. Mix thoroughly before using. In case the 
horse picks up a nail, pull the nail out, open the wound around the 
nail hole to the sensitive sole; then 3 or 4 drops of the solution 
should be placed in the nail hole. Two or three applications are 
generally enough. When used for treating thrush, hold up the 
foot, drop the solution into the diseased part, enough to reach the 
bottom or seat of the disease. In moderate stages of Thrush, 
two or three applications of the solution, once a day, will gener- 
ally be sufficient to effect a cure. 

No. 33. 

Treatment for Sore Tendons, Curbs, and Callous Skin. 
— A callous skin may result from knee hitting, cuffing, or what 
is frequently termed boxing the ankles. Long-continued curbs 
on the hind legs is also productive of this callousness. In my 



28 USEFUL I'liESCKlPTlOXS. 

treatise upon " Scientific Horseshoeing," I liave very fully 
explained, with ample illustrations, how to shoe for curl), 
page 179, and for iniianied or sore tendons, on pages 196 
and 197, and how to apply the bandages and when to 
remove the bandages. As supplementary thereto, I repeat 
here in substance the treatment. After the bandasfe has 
been applied, keep it well wet with w^arm water until the 
inflammation be subsided. Remove the bandage once or 
twice a day, and bathe the affected parts with Recipe ^o. 3, 
replacing the bandage and keeping it wet with warm water. 
These applications should be kept up as long as any inflamma- 
tion is observed; for they tend to keep the pores open and assist 
Mature in scattering the serum through the pores. If the skin 
becomes callous, I would recommend painting the aftected part 
with iodine, well heated in with the hot iron. Fig. 1, page 36, 
but do not apply the iodine and heated iron until after the 
effects of the first blister have disappeared. Grease the blister 
well with castor oil to preserve the roots of the hair. In five days 
wash the wound well with warm water and castile soap. Do not 
bandage after using the iodine. Continue the iodine and hot 
iron treatment until the skin becomes soft, pliable and natural. 

No. 34. 

Quittors of the Bone and Flesh. — This is a very import- 
ant subject, and its treatment demands most careful attention to 
all the details. There are two kinds, Quittor of the Bone and 
of the Flesh. Bone Quittor is the more obstinate of the two, and 
less often yields even to the most careful treatment. Bone Quit- 
tor is most frequently caused from old, long-standing, ulcerated' 
or bruised heels, accompanied by a continued slushing discharge 
of purulent matter through the bottom of the heel, under the 
outside or inside of the front foot. This suppurating condition 
is, or has been, allowed to continue through an indefinite period 
without checking. The result is that the periosteum, or skin 
covering of the bone becomes diseased, and is wasted awav under 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 29 

and around the heel of the coffin bone. It becomes diseased, 
loses its elastic toughness, and is liable to become fractured. 
Cases of this kind will be very difficult of cure. It is easy to 
distinguish iiBone Quittorfrom a Flesh Quittor, as the discharge 
from the former is of a greenish tinge and very offensive to the 
smell. 

The first step in the treatment of Bone Quittor is to remove 
all the hard insensitive sole around the affected parts; then take 
a silver probe, made for the purpose, and probe around the 
wound for any loose particles of bone. After all the fractured 
pieces of bone have been removed, inject with a small syringe 
Carbolic Wash, Recipe iN'o. 4, on i»age 18, thoroughly cleansing 
the wound. ISText use Salve, in Recipe No. 2, page 15, in this 
manner: Warm the salve first, and then holding up the foot, 
fill the cavity well with the salve and cover the aftected parts 
with white cotton well saturated with the salve. After having 
done this apply a bandage around the foot so as to hold the 
dressing in its place. Next, stand the feet in the soaking tub 
filled with warm water 6 or 8 inches in depth (Fig. 93, p. 197, Rus- 
sell's Scientific Horseshoeing). Let the horse stand with his front 
feet in the tub of warm water at least 2 or 3 hours. Have the 
foot dressed daily as above until cured, which will be assured 
under the attention of a skillful and practical man. 

Flesh Quittors often arise from bruised heels, quarter crack, 
a prick or wound from a nail, or a bruise or cut from the oppo- 
site foot, as well as from many other causes. The treatment of 
Flesh Quittor is comparatively easy. With a silver probe, probe 
down to the bottom of the pipe, and insert a stick of lunar 
caustic its full length, as far as the pipe extends, to the bottom. 
If there are more, treat all alike, and after tilling the pipe or 
pipes with the caustic, bandage the foot with a linen cloth so as 
hold the caustic in the wounds. After leaving the bandage 
upon the foot for 30 hours, remove it, and wash the wound well 
with warm water and carbolic soap. After cleansing, see if the 



30 USKFUL PKESCKIPTIONS. 

pipes are loose enough to be removed with a sharp instrument 
sup[)lied with a small hook on the end, as in Fig. 2, on page 36, 
In case the pipes can not be easily removed after 30 hours, probe 
them again to the bottom, and fill with tlie lunar caustic long 
enough to reach the bottom, placing a bandage around the foot 
to hold the caustic in place. Remove the bandage in 24 hours, 
and the pipes can be easily removed. After the pipes have 
been removed wash the wound well with warm water and car- 
bolic soap, making a good stiff lather. After thoroughly 
cleansing the wound, inject the "Wash No. 4, page 16, thor- 
oughly cleansing the wound. "When this is done use Recipe 
No. 2, page 14. Have the salve warm and thoroughly saturate 
with it enough white cotton to cover the inflamed parts, having 
the dressing thickest "around the Avound. Place a bandage 
around tlie foot wide enough to hold the dressing in place. 
Then take iron No. 1, page 36, and after warming it hold it 
close to the wounded and inflamed parts, thoroughly heating the 
salve into the foot. Repeat the heating process at least morning 
and evening for the first day or two. This will open the pores of 
the skin and assist nature in passing the inflammation through 
them, and it will soon be reduced. With the above named treat- 
ments I have never failed to make permanent cures of Bone and 
Flesh Quittors. 

No. 35. 

Poultice for Horses' Feet, Wounds of Nails, Bruised 
Heel, or Insole. — Take strong wood ashes, over which pour 
boiling water, and let it stand for a few hours, straining off the 
ley-water. Heat this ley -water until hot, with which, make a 
poultice, using bran and middlings. Apply it in the foot as 
warm as possible. Tie up the foot so as to retain the poul- 
tice. Repeat the application twice a day for a day or two, 
or until the soreness is removed. If there should be granulated 
flesh in the wound, lunar caustic can be used, either in the solid 
stick or diluted with distilled water, in the proportion of fifty, a 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 31 

hundred, or two hundred grains to the ounce. After cauteriz- 
ing, use salve, Recipe No. 2, according to directions given. 

No. 36. 

Remedy for Kidney Trouble. — In case the horse is suffer- 
ing from Kidney trouble and can not make water freely, or is 
suftering from the want of making water, give one ounce of 
Sweet Spirits of Nitre, mixed in one gallon of water. Give 
it as a drench. Repeat every three or four hours until relieved. 
It is better to lay wet cloths over the loins, covered with blan- 
kets, until relieved. Then remove cloths and rub the parts 
dry. Afterward cover the horse with a dry blanket to prevent 
taking cold. 

No. 37. 

A Relief for the Heaves. — Oil of Tar (in one vial), 2 oz.; 
Sulphuric Acid (in another), 2 oz. Drop twelve drops of 
Oil of Tar into a mash or into vats at night. Put twelve drops 
of Sulphuric Acid into a half bucket of water and let him drink 
it; put one tablespoonful of pulverized Resin into the feed with 
the Tar, Use in this way once a day, and wdien the above 
quantity of Oil of Tar and Sulphuric Acid is consumed, the 
horse will be relieved. It is better to wet the hay and straw 
and feed chopped feed for the above disease. This prescription 
I have used in many instances with satisfactory results, not as a 
cure but as a relief for the heaves. 

No. 38. 

For corns and bruised heels in horses' feet. — Pine Tar, 
Gum Turpentine, well powdered. Take equal parts, put into 
an iron pot heated over the lire, and stir well until thorouo-hly 
mixed. Before using, have all the insensible sole pared off 
around the bruised spot in the heel, then put a suitable shoe to 
the foot. If there is proud flesh in the heel, sprinkle fine table 
salt over sore, then warm the salve. Pour it in and around 



32 USEFUL PKESClUrTlOXS. 

the sore, cover the sore well with the salve, then lay a thin 
layer of white cotton over the sore spot to hold the dressing 
into its place; then get a piece of stiff leather the size of tlio 
shoe; nail leather under shoe. By so doing tlie leather will 
hold the dressing in its place. Keep the })ressure of the sore 
spot at heel. In many cases soak the foot in warm water for 
an hour or two. Will give great relief to the horse. As soon 
as soreness is gone, lameness is gone. 

No. 39. 
Recipe to preserve the hair on the skin after the horse 
has died. — I have often been asked how I kept the hair on the 
horse's leg and pasterns. It can be done b}' using the following 
wash : 1 ounce of carbolic acid mixed in a pint of water. Keep 
the bottle well corked when not in use. After the leg has been 
cut off the dead horse, it must be done before mortification sets in 
by a string around the limb. Hang it up in the air. Sprinkle 
the above wash over the hide twice a day. By so doing, all the 
hair can be retained on the skin so as to be natural. Keep this 
up for a week or ten days, or more if necessary, until the leg 
is perfectly cured and dried. 

No. 40. 
Worm Powder for the Horse. — Powdered Ginger, 6 
drachms; Powdered Calomel, 2 drachms; Powdered Worm- 
Seed, 6 drachms; Santorien, 4 drachms. Give the above in 4 
doses. Give the horse but little rough feed while taking the 
worm medicine. Feed a small quantity of ground flaxseed 
meal; add one tablespoonful of salt to the chop feed; b'etter 
feed powders at night. Give the horse all the water he will 
irink while taking the worm powders, and see that the horse 
is well groomed and cared for after the four doses have been 
^iven. Feed my condition powder as directed and you will 
soon see the chans^e for the better. 



USEFUli PKESCRIPTIONS. 33 

No. 41. 

Wash, for Sore Mouth of the Horse. — This has proved 
to be an excellant wasli: Sage Tea, 1 pint; Pulverized Borax, 
3 drachms; Pulverized Alum, J ounce; Cider Vinegar, 1 pint; 
Sugar of Lead, 2 drachms. Shake the bottle well before using. 
The best way to use the wash is to take a line sponge well 
saturated with the above wash, open the month, and swab 
the sore places. 0[»en the mouth so far that jou can get at 
the sores with the wash, which will soon heal them and toughen 
the skin. It is best to swab tlie month three times a day. Do 
not feed your horse hay or clover, but give soft feed while the 
month is sore. 

No. 42. 

Recipe for Horse Colic. — S[)irits Peppermint, 1 oz.; Sul- 
phuric Ether, 1 oz.; Tincture Capsicum, 1 oz.; Tincture Opium, 
i oz.; Tincture Camphor, 1 oz. Mix and give in 4 doses, 15 
minutes apart, until relieved ; give in ^ pint of warm water at 
each dose, in a drench. The best and safest way to give the 
medicine is to take a long nozzle swing, put the medicine in the 
swing, place the swing well up in the mouth, and then swing 
the dose down the throat. By following these instructions the 
horse will receive the benefit of all the medicine given. The 
above has proven to be a splendid recipe for colic. 

No. 42|. 

Treatment for Arm or Shoe Boils. — This is a lump or 
callous on the inner side of the fore leg, or on the upper end of 
the forearm near the body, and is caused by the horse laying 
down on the heel and shoe of the same foot. Many horses do 
this from habit. I blister, and make the lump or callous sore, 
so that the horse will take his foot away, because it will hurt 
him when he lays down, and the blister will help remove the 



34 rSKl-TL riilvSC KIPTIOXS. 

lump; then apply any sini[)lc liealing salve to the blister. In 
ease there should bo heel caulkings on the shoes, clip them off 
smoothly on the ground surface. By following the above in- 
structions you will remove any arm boils in the first stages. Old, 
long-standing, or arm boils often bafile the skill of the best pro- 
fessors; in such cases my advice to all farriers is to apply suitable 
shoes; then I recommend the ow'ucr of the horse to the most 
skilled veterinary surgeon in the city or village to take charge 
of the case. 

No. 43. 

Red Liniment. — Turpentine, 2 oz.: Oil Origanum, 1 oz.; 
Eed Souders, q. s.; Cider Vinegar, 4 oz.; Arnica, 6 oz. This 
Liniment I use for swollen joints and legs on horses. It is a 
mild stimulant and speedily removes soreness; the parts being 
thoroughly saturated and rubbed in with the hands, rubbing 
the hands down toward the feet. I eed nn' Condition Powders 
according to directions. 

No. 44. 

Cure for Barbed-Wire Fence Bruises. — One of the 
most difficult bruises to cure and leave no trace, either of lame- 
ness or scar, is a barbed-wire fence laceration around the heels 
or quarters of the foot and the coronet band. This is especially 
true if n(;t taken in time and properly treated. I have success- 
fully undertaken the cure of some cases where the hair had been 
drawm and lodged at the bottom of the wound. 

In such an instance as the above, the first thing to do is to 
cleanse the wound, syringing well with the Wash Xo-. 4, page 16. 
Aftcrw^ard take a small probe and remove carefully all the hair 
which may have lodged, being sure to get the very last hair at 
the bottom of the wound. Then dress the wound with Recipe 
Xo. 2, page 14. Take white cotton, well saturated with the salve, 
and, after warming it well, apply to wound, and fasten a linen 
bandage around pastern to hold the dressing upon the wound. 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS, 35 

Then warm the iron, Fig. 1, page 36, and holding it to the 
attected part, warm the salve into the bruise. Dress the wound 
once a day until it begins to show a healthy appearance. 

Before removing the dressing at any time, first hold the 
iron, well warmed, over and around the dressing, so as to soften 
the salve, thus allowing it to be removed without irritating the 
sore. If the wound has an irritated and inflamed appearance, 
use the Wash No. 4, page 16, as before, dressing and heating in 
the salve as above described, until the healthy appearance results. 
Wounds of this sort, even if they do not lame, often leave a dis- 
figuring scar. In such an instance remove all the disfigured wall 
as deeply as the keraphyllous tissue, being careful not to draw 
blood. Next, fit a shoe to suit the diseased condition of the foot. 
After nailing on the shoe, dress the afl:ected parts with the 
Salve No. 2, page 14, as before, bandaged and heated in with the 
warming iron No. 2, page 36, covering the hair and skin with salve 
from one-half to an inch above the wall at the coronet. Then 
apply the linen bandage around the foot and coronary band so 
as to hold the dressing on to the affected parts. Then with the 
iron heat the salve into the affected parts well, once every day 
for a week or two. The dressing will exclude the air from the 
affected parts, the heating will caused a sweating and assist 
nature in producing a healthy growth ^f skin and horn. If 
the above instructions are strictly adhered to, I will guarantee 
to restore the foot to a healthy, natural wall. The heating pro- 
cess is something new, and has always proven to he successful 
in this treatment. 

No. 45. 

A Good Powder for Horse or Man. — Calomel, powdered, 
sprinkled over ulcered sores, will afford the greatest relief. In 
some cases it may be necessary to cover the affected parts so as 
to hold the powder on to the sore. For drying up running 
sores this powder is especially efficacious. 



36 



USEFUL PRESCRirTIONS. 



HEATING IRONS AND HOOK. 

The illustrations in Fig. 1, are heating irons and a hook, 
used by me in the treatment of the various diseases of 

the leg and foot, as described in 
my book " Scientific Horseshoe- 
ing." I use No. 2, for burning 
and cauterizing old sores and re- 
moving proud flesh in the various 
diseases in which they occur or from 
which they spring. This blade is 
made of steel, is sharp on the convex 
end, and of the following dimensions: 
Blade IJ inch wide, I of an inch 
thick, and 4 inches in length. The 
handle is 9 inches long, with a ring 
turned at the end. 

No. 3 has a width of blade of 2 
inches, slightly curved, with thick- 
ness of ^ an inch, and length 3 inches. 
The handle is 18 inches in length. 
This instrument is used to heat 
salves, poultices and liniments into 
the sores, arising from any cause 
whatsoever, as fully described in my 
book above named. 

No. 1 is a hook, made of steel, is 
6 inches long, and used for such 
purposes as drawing pipes from feet 
aflfected with Flesh Quittor, and 
other similar purposes. 

For all these treatments, the uses 
of the salves, liniments, poultices, and the various methods of 
bandaging, together with the use of the instruments and the 




Fig. 1. 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 



3i 



various processes, the most detailed instructions are given in the 
Fourth Edition of " RusselTs Scientific Horseshoeing." In 
this book of recipes, I have only touched upon the subjects, 
outside of giving the full recipes. ^ 

RUSSELL'S FOOT ADJUSTER. 




Fig. 2. 

Instructions for use given on pages 77 to 81 ; see also Pigs. 16 to 29, Russell's " Scientific 
Horseshoeing." 




THE COMPASS. 

Pages 94, 95, 97, RusselTs "Scientific Horse- 
shoeing," give fall explanation how to use the 
compass, so as to produce the best results in 
leveling and balancing the foot, so as to 
equalize the pressure to all parts of the foot 
and leg. To be had of any liardware house. 

Fig. 3. 



38 



USKFUL I'UESCHIPTIONS. 



RUSSELL'S SCIENTIFIC FOOT ADJUSTER, 

For Leveling and Balancing the Horse's Foot. The Latest, Best, and most useful 
Improvement in Farriers' Tools. 

!Fig. 4. Bed-plate of adjuster. 




-J-,. c- (Adjuster at ti>e--00 .degrees -p- o (Adjuster at quarter=70 degrees. 

J<ig. o. j Height on lever=:% inches. -c iB- o. j Height on lever=2^ inches. 



This device is very simple, and astonishingly effective in 
use. It consists of a bed-plate similar in form to an ordinary 
horseshoe, as per Fig. 3, to which is pivoted at center of toe 
a movable quadrant, graduated or divided into 90 degrees, from 
the ground surface upward, and is operated by means of a lever 
working the sweep of the quadrant forward and back. This 
lever is also marked to a scale of inches and fractional parts, so 
that the height or depth of wall is obtained at the same time 
with its degrees of obliquity, which is pointed out by a stationary 
indicator fixed perpendicularly to the toe of the bed-plate, regis- 
tering the angles of the foot upon the arc of the quadrant when 
the lever is brought forward to bear against the wall of the hoof. 

This use of the adjuster is represented in Figs. 4 and 5, 
which show the adjuster applied at toe and over the quarter of 
the foot, with their respective angles indicated on the quadrant 
and their height on the lever, as explained. Manufactured and 
sold by the M. & M. Machine Company, No. 21 G West Pearl 
street." Price S3.00. 



USEFUL PKKSCRIFTIOXS. 



39 




Pig 7 

Showing under surface of a i)erfect front hoof properly prepared for the shoe, with guide 
lines for leveling and balancing the foot. 

A, Center of frog cleft in line with the insertions of front and back tendons, and parallel 
totheirstraightliue of movement. B, B, Line through longitudinal center of foot, dividing 
it into exact halves, and indicating middle of heels and front toe. C, C, Line transversely 
across center of foot midway through inside and outside quarters. The point of intersec- 
tion of these lines indicates the norm.U center of gravity. D, D, D, D, Intersecting lines 
marking the width of inside and outside toes and heels. E, E, Branches or forks of the 
frog on either side of the median cleft. F, F, Bars on either side of the frog. G, G, Com- 
missures or grooves between the bar and the frog. H, H, H, H, Line marking height of 
heels from coronet to base. I, I, Concave surface of sole. J, J, J, J, Wall-bearing surface 
leveled and prepared for the shoe. 

The letters of reference apply to the difterent divisons of 
the foot, and the intersecting lines mark the several regions of 
the hoof at middle of toe and heels — width of inner and outer 
toes and heels — and center of inner and outer quarters. The 
foot is to be leveled and balanced b}' measuring the wall at these 
points from coronet to base of hoof, and having the height of any 
two opposite points on either side of line B, B, correspond, to 
insure proper levels, while the distance from the center or con- 
vergence of the lines to any point on opposite sides must be equal, 
to secure a perfectly balanced foot. As it is not to be supposed 
that accurate leveling can be done by the unaided eye, resort must 



40 



USEFUL I'HKSClil I'TIONS. 



be had to niechanioal means. To subserve such purpose, "Rus- 
sell's Scientific Foot Adjuster" is admirably adapted, as will be 
clearly seen by a reference to the doscri[)tion and illustrations of 
its practical use, inserted here for the benefit of all concerned. 



RUSSELL'S HEEL ADJUSTER. 
For Equalizing the Foot back of the Quarters. 




Pig. 8. 

A, A, Slots for shifting the arms to position desirf<l. B, Thumb or set screw for adjust- 
ing the arms in place. C, F, Ann of adjuster, toobtain angle of heels. D, Arm to be firmly 
held against the bottom of foot, 



Under normal conditions of the foot, the angle at the heels 
is the same as that of the center toe; thus, if toe registers 50 
degrees, as indicated in Fig. 4, the heels of the same foot should 
be the same, and in each instance the height and slope of one 
heel should correspond with the other. The tool above sh-own 
will prove useful in detecting any inequalities of the heels and 
and guide the farrier in his correction of them. It may be pro- 
cured from any hardware or tool dealer. Usual price $2.00. 



ISEP^IL PRESCRIPTIONS. 



41 



RUSSELL'S HAND VISE. 
Foi' Hot Rasping and Filing Shoes. Length, 16 inches. 



The lower extension of the vise, as 
shown by D, is for the purpose of 
fastening in a bench vise while in use. 
The bed-plate C, is to be made in the 
form of an ordinary horseshoe. This 
tool is indispensable to every farrier 
who shoes light horses, for by its ustt 
he can work light thin shoes accu- 
rately without bending or twisting 
them out of shape. The heels of a 
shoe can be filed while the shoe is 
red hot. The heels on the shoes of 
all speed horses ought to be beveled 
on the ground tread with the angles 
of the heels of front feet, so as to 
prevent scalping their hind shin when 
up to speed. Manufactured and sold 
l)y the ]M. & M. Machine Company, 
Xo. 216 West Pearl street, Cincinnati, 
Ohio. Price $3.00. 



Fig. 9. 

fi. Thumb screw, for lowering point of jaw, B, and grasping the shoe on bed-plate C. 




42 



I'SKFUL TUKSCHIl'TIONS. 

RUSSELL'S FOOT TESTER 

(Manufactured by the Heller Bros., Newark, N. J.) 




Fig. 10. 

Is very useful in locating lameness, to test the sore spots, atnl to 
discover them. Having closely examined any external injury 
or bruise, and settled its connection with any symptoms of 
lameness, with the foot tester, compress the^ lower margin of the 
wall all around, from the toe to the heel, as high as the nail 
hole, and wherever there is soreness, the horse will flinch or 
shrink from the pressure. Continue this process up around the 
coronet, by gripping it between the base of the hoof in the 
jaws of the tester. 




\ / 



-^ 



RUSSELL'S FOOT LEVELING PLATE 

Is the basis from wliich the correct 
measurements of the height of wall, 
which I have already mentioned, are 
to be obtained. The horse rests his 
foot firmly upcm this plate, and the 
necessary measurements from coro- 
net to base of hoof, or face of plate, 
are easily obtained by spanning with 
a compass around the different points, 
and any deviation or inequality be- 
tween two opposite points is to be 
marked and the hoof pared or rasped to a perfectly level bear- 
ing. If this is accurately done the horse will move with orderly 
soundness and efficiency, and all danger of injury by unleveled 
hoofs will be entirely obviated. Price $2.00. Manufactured and 
sold by the M. & M. Machine Company, Xo. 216 West Pearl 
street, Cincinnati, Oliio. 



w^ russelCs 

FOOT LEVELING PIATEI 
3 INCHES SQUARE 

Pig. 11. 



LEa AND FOOT TESTER. 

FOR LEVELING AND BALANCING THE FEET CORRECTLY 
UNDER THE LEGS AND BODY OF THE HORSE. 

It is a fact well known to all, that no piece of machinery 
can work smoothly and last long unless it is set perfectly 
plumb and level ; and so it is with the horse. If tlie feet and 
legs are not set plumb under the body, some part of the feet 
and legs will give out. Unless the feet and legs are breaking 
straight through tlie journals of the joints at each footfall, 
there will bo overtaxation of some portion- of the mnscles and 
joints. By using my leg and foot tester in dressing the foot, 
and following the instructions given, the foot and leg can be 
correctly balanced under tlie body, so that tlie joints will 
work properly in their journals at each footfall. By so doing 
you will avoid foot and muscle soreness. The old adage is, 
"Prevention is better than cure." 

I have shown by three drawings how to properly Use the 
foot and leg tester. Fig. 1 shows how to use the leg and foot 
tester. First, hold the leg up in the left hand, as shown in 
the drawing ; then lay the tester straight down the tendons, 
as shown, with lower end across the heels, as indicated in the 
drawing. Looking over the bottom of the foot, it will 
readily be seen if the bottom of the foot is level. Be sure 
that the bottom of the foot is level from heel to toe, as shown 
in the diagram. By holding the log above the upper pastern 
joint, leaving the foot and pasterns hang loose, in some 
cases the foot and pasterns will twist in or out. If the foot 
twists in, tlin outside will be too high ; if the foot twists out. 



44 



SCIKXTIFIC HuiiSES110KlN(;, 



the inside will be too high. By applying the leg and foot 
tester on tlie leg and foot, it will readily be seen which heel 
is the higher. In all cases, pare the feet perfectly level, 

as shown on pages 94, 95, 97, 
Figs. 17, IS, 19, 23. Always 
]>vi\v in mind to keep the heels 
of tlio same height and the toes 
of the same lenoith from coronet 
band to ground tread. If the foot 
twists in, take a piece of sole 
leather tliick enough to make up 
tlie difference between the two 
sides of the heel ; cut the leather 
the same shape and width as the 
shoe ; let the leatlier extend to 
the center of the shoe at the toe ; 
23unch a rivet hole in the heel of 
the shoe ; rivet the leather at the 
heel of the shoe, as shown on 
l^age 220, Fig. 110 ; then com- 
mence about three-quarters of an 
inch in front of the heel and grad- 
ually tliin the leather down to 
the center of the toe, as shown 
in Fig. 110, page 220. B}^ so 
doing, tlie foot can be built up to 
a perfectly level bearing on the 
ground tread ; so tliat when the foot lands on the ground it 
Avill land perfectly level from heel to toe. The thickness of 
tlie leather must be made to suit the case in hand. If the 
foot and pasterns twist out, the inside of the heel will be 
the higher, and the leather must be placed under the outside 




LEG AND FOOT TESTER. 



45 



of tlie shoe. In many cases the foot and pasterns will hang 
perfectly straight. 

When the foot is uplifted, the problem is solved why a 
liorse will w^ear the outside heel 
and quarter and heel on one 
foot, and on the oj)posite foot the 
wear will be greater on the inside 
lieel and quarter. The cause is, 
when the foot is uplifted, one pas- 
tern and foot will twist in, while 
the opposite foot will twist out. 

There is a cause for all things. 
First find the cause ; then, by re- 
moving the cause, the effects cease. 
The great science in horseshoeing 
is to know how to balance the foot 
under the leg and body, so that 
when the foot lands on the ground 
it will land perfectly level from 
heel to toe. When the horse is 
wearing his shoes level from heel 
to toe, the foot and leg are break- 
ing straight through the journals 
of the joints. By -the use of my Fig. 2. russell's scientific leg 

foot and leg tester every horse can ^^'^ ^^°^ ''^'^^^^■ 

A, Movable dial, 
be shod correctly. -d t> i ^ ^ . 

•^ B, Back or tester, on leg. 

Fig. 2, Back view, shows the C, Thumbscrew to set slide to 
foot resting on a level floor, with suit the length of shank or 

the leg tester placed back of the '''''""°" ^"''^.• 

leg. Whenever the dial letter. A, hangs straight, the foot 
and leg are perfectly under the body. This shows how every 
sound horse -stands with perfect feet and legs. 




46 



SCIKNTIFIC ll<)K'Si;sH()i:[.\(j. 



Fig. o, Ivu&seirs Scicntitic Foot aiul Leg tester, shows 
by a side view liow to apply tlie tester when tlie foot rests 

upon a perfectly level 
llooi". 

Ill my opinion, 
it is just as essential 
1o ])alance the foot 
and leg behind as in 
front. By koeiDing 
tlie feet and legs bal- 
anced under tlie body 
every joint will Avork 
smoothly, and the 
horse will move with 
ease and comfort. 

It is said by all 
expert horsemen, 
trainers, drivers, and 
slioers who have seen 
the leg and foot 
tester, that it is the 
most accurate instru- 
ment that has ever 
be.en invented to cor- 
rectly balance the 
foot and leg under 
the body. 

The foot and leg 
tester is manufac- 




FiG. 3. 

A, Heel of foot. 

B, Bent to suit the lengtli of pasterns. 

C, Thumbscrew to slide up and down to suit 

the lenj'th of cannon bone. 



tured and for sale by The M. & M. Machine Co., 215 West 
Pearl Street, Cincinnati, 0. For sale by Prof. ^Vm. Russell, 
1722 Freemaii Avenue, Cincinnati, O. Pi-ice, $2.00, charges 
Ijrcpaid . [Copyrighted.] 



USEFUL INFOKMATIUN. 47 



VALUABLE HINTS TO FARRIERS AND 
HORSEMEN. 

Since the publication of the fifth edition of "Scientific 
Horseshoeing" many new and valuable ideas have occurred 
to me as the result of my practice for sixtj'-four vears, some 
of wliicii I venture to give to farriers and liorsemen, feeling 
confident that they Avill be of benefit to them. 

For the benefit of readers I show on pages 42, 44, the foot 
prints of the noted Queen of the Turf, Maud S., both in her 
slow work and when up to her full speed, when her stride 
was eighteen feet six inches. She proved herself in 1885 to be 
the greatest mare or horse living. I show also on page 45 
the stride and foot-prints of Jay Gould in 1864 ; third, 
on page 46 the stride and foot-prints of the majority of 
race horses when up to speed ; fourth, on pages 47, 48, the stride 
and foot-prints of horses cross-firing with the right hind foot 
and leg ; fifth, on page 49, of splay foot horses ; sixth, on tiie 
same page, of pigeon-toed horses ; seventh, foot-prints of the 
line trotters on page 50, hitching and hopping on right 
hind foot and leg on page 52. These drawings should be 
of great value to the thoughtful farrier and horseman. 

My theory has always been first to locate the cause of 
tlie faulty action in the gaits, and then as a result of removino" 
the cause the defect will cease. No fixed rule can be given 
for shoeing any two horses alike, as tliere are scarcely any 
two horses shaped and gaited alike. As a result, the shape 
and style and weight of slioes that suit one horse will not suit 



48 USEFUL PRESCRirTIOXS. 

another. Horseshoing necessarily depends largel}' upon <^ood 
judgment. For instance, take the draft cob road liorse. Tliere 
are scarcely two horses that wear their shoes alike, as some 
will wear the outside of one shoe and on the opposite foot will 
wear the inside ; some horses will wear the toes of shoes more 
than the heels, and some will wear the heels more than the 
toes. (See cuts shown in 6th edition.) Now, to overcome 
faulty action, make a close examination of the foot. Where 
the wea,r is the greatest on the outside heel, the foot is not 
level, and the inside toe of the foot is too high ; in some cases 
the outside heel and quarter are curled under. Take the 
opposite front foot where the wear is the greatest on the in- 
side, and on close examination it will be found that the out- 
side toe is too high. If tlie foot is pared and shoe properly 
made and fitted, the shoe will be worn level. (See page 97, fig- 
ure 23 ; pages 94 and 95, figures 17, 18 and 19.) By keeping the 
foot pared level, the foot and leg in their forward movement 
will break straiglit tlirough the journals of the joints. (See 
page 148, figure 45, where the cuts clearly show the effect of 
having the foot pared and dressed level from coronet to 
ground tread.) One of the most important points in horse- 
shoeing is in having the feet pared level. (As shown on 
pages 94 and 95, figures 17, 18 and 19 ; page 97, figure 23 ; 
page 100, figure 26; page 103, figure 29, in 6th edition.) 
Stand the horse on a level floor, then step in front and behind 
the horse and see if the upper and lower pasterns stand up- 
right and plumb under the cannon bone. If the upper and 
lower pasterns are leaning in and out the foot is not level on 
the ground surface ; if the pasterns are leaning in, the foot is 
too high on the outside toe and quarter, while if tlie pasterns 
lean out the foot is too high on the inside toe and quarter. 
Step to the side and see if the front part of the foot is on a 



PROBLEMS IN FARRIERY. 49 

line with the upper and lower pasterns. (See page 62, 
figure 5, sixth edition.) 

One of the most important points in the science of horse- 
shoeing lies in dressing the foot for the reception of the shoes. 
If the horse is wearing his shoes level from the toe to heel, 
the weight is equall}^ distributed to all parts of the feet and 
legs at each foot-fall. Seventy-five per cent of lameness in 
feet and legs can be traced and located in unbalanced feet. 
A horse well shod is twice sliod. And my theory has always 
been that prevention is better than cure. First, find the 
cause ; then, remove the cause and the effects will cease. A 
close observer never finishes the learning of horseshoeing-, 
and no one man knows it all. The world moves in every de- 
partment of mechanics and in all the professions ; science 
now holds supreme sway, and the farrier must keep up with 
the march of improvement. 



PROBLEMS IN FARRIERY. 

The principal points demanded in the training and de- 
velopment of a perfect and sound horse are, for a driving 
horse, speed and endurance, and for a draught horse, strength 
and endurance. How can the utmost sj)eed and greatest en- 
durance be best attained? These are the ends aimed at by 
the skillful and experienced farrier, and after the practical 
experience of a lifetime, extending beyond the allotted years 
of man, I am ready, from that practical experience and from 
my observation of the practical experience of others — for no 
one man can know it all — to give to the world what measure 
of practical knowledge has come to me in the way of the de- 
velopment of speed and endurance or strength of the horse. 

In the first place, it is undeniable that the value of a 
horse for speed and endurance depends primarily and always 



50 PROBLEMS IN FAHUlKJi V. 

upon the soundness of the feet and legs"; and, in the second 
phice, that this soundness depends upon the skill, compe- 
tency, and good i:)ractical judgment of the shoer ; that is, the 
farrier. The most important thing the farrier sliould know 
is that the more equality of pressure obtained at all points of 
the feet and legs, at each footfall, the greater will be the 
speed and endurance attained, and this stands to reason. 
There are three very essential points which he should bear 
in mind to attain to these desiderata of speed or strength 
with endurance. 

First, the farrier should know how to obtain accurately 
the natural angle of the foot ; he should know where to cut 
and when to stop cutting. I am perfectly convinced that 
such knowledge entitles a farrier to the name and fame of a 
master in his trade as a professional farrier. 

When the feet are properly balanced the weight of the 
horse's body is equally and proportionally distributed in all 
parts of the feet and legs at each footfall. Before proceeding 
to dress the foot, close observations should be taken from in 
front of, as well as the rear of the horse, to ascertain whether 
the foot is directly underneath the leg ; tliat is, if the center 
line of the foot is in the same vertical line with the leg ; then 
step to the side, take note of the vertical line and Avhether 
the ujjper and lower pasterns are on a line with the front 
wall of the foot, wdien the horse stands on a level floor. It 
can thus be readily determined if the feet are directly under 
the legs, as before advised, in dressing or paring the feet, so 
as to get the heels the same height from coronet to ground 
tread — same height over the quarters from coronet to ground 
tread — same height and length of toes from coronet to ground 
tread, on the front feet, and also for the hind feet. 

The eye cannot be trusted ; guesswork must cease ; 
mathematical accuracy is demanded. This can onl}^ be ob- 



niOBLEMS IN FARRIERY 



51 



taiued by resorting to the use of mathematical insti-umeiits, 
and for this purpose tlie six-inch compass, foot and lieel 
adjuster, leg and foot adjuster have been invented, and should 
be adopted and used by all expert fai-riers. 

Tlie front feet being of the same length from the top of 
the coronet band to tlie ground tread, and shoes of equal 
tliickness and weight being used, the stride of the front feet 
will be of the same length at each footfall when up to speed. 
The correct rule for the angles of the feet : when the front 
feet stand or measure 48 degrees, the hind feet should stand 
at 50 degrees, for the reason that the hind legs are the pro- 
pelling powers of the horse. This has been my never-failing 
rule after an experience and close observation for more than 
sixty-four years as a practical farrier. 



Rate of Speed of Trotters and Pacers — I give here a 
table showing the distance covered per second by a horse 
when going at speeds vaiying from a 2 : 00 to a 2 : 30 gait. 
The table given is believed to be a substantially correct com- 
pilation of the figures. 

It Avill be noticed tliat in the distance covered by the 
horse when going at a rate of speed of from 2 : 30 to 2 : 20 



R.\TE OF Speed. 


DlST.\XCE 

PER Second. 


Kate of Speed. 


Dlstaxck 
PER Second. 




Feet. 


In. 

2 
5 

8 

11 
•) 

5 

8 

3 
() 
9 


Feet. 


In. 


2:30 


35 

3() 

3() 
37 
:!7 
37 
38 
38 
38 
38 


2:15 

2:14 


39 . 

39 

39 

40 

40 

41 

41 

42 

42 

44 


4 


•>->4 


2:13 


s 


').■>;• 


2:12 




902 


2:10 

2:08-| 




•>-->L 




2-'0 


2:08 


•> 


2:19 

•>■ 1 8 


2:05 

2:04 


3 


L': 1 7 


2:00 




2:11) 











52 



ABNORMAL FEET. 



there is an approximate increase of three inches per second 
for each additional second's lowering of the speed rate, "vvhile 
in the speed rate between 2 : 10 and 2 :.00 tlie increase 
•amounts to four and one-tenth inches per second. A horse 
going a mile in two minutes would distance Martlia Wilkes, 
Palo Alto and Maud S., and have something to spare, and 
would leave Nancy Hanks and Mascot, the fleetest of tlie 
jDresent day, about seven lengths to the rear. A railroad ex- 
press train, one mile a minute, eighty-eight feet a second, is 
a good comparison. 

Abnormal Feet. — Before making an examination of faiiUy 
limbs, it is proper to present the subject of abnormal feet. The 
foot is in perfect poise when it is level and balanced, the heels 
being of the same height, so that the horse lands upon both 
alike, and springs from a level toe, after he has rolled over quar- 
ters of the same heiefht. The 




lA 



M 



heels must not be too high, nor 
the toe too long, nor tlie hoot 
out of proportion at the sides, 
taking the median line of the 
cleft of the frog as the basis 
of measurement. 

Fig. 80 represents a per- 
fect front foot. It is placed 
properly under the carcass. 
The vertical line, A, A, j)asses 
down through the axis of the 
cannon bone, and reaches the 
ground at the posterior angle 
of the wall and bar. The line 
n> B intersects the line A A 

at the center of tlie ankle , , 

A, A, Axial hue of leg. E, B, 
joint, and passes through the Axial line through coffin bone. 




Fig. 80. perfect front foot. 



LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 



53 



axis of ,the coffin boue to 
the ground, which indi- 
cates the perfect poise of 
the coffin bone when the 
foot is at rest. This 
is the crucial test of a 
foot both level and bal- 
anced. If the coffin bone 
is out of position with 
reference to the median 
line, B, B, the entire foot 
and limb are out of bal- 
ance. The journals of 
the joints at the ankle 
and knee do not articu- 
late in equilibrio, and the 
tendons and ligaments are 
unduly taxed or relieved, 
dependent upon which 
side of the hoof bears an 
undue strain. The ac- 
companying drawings will illustrate this point. Fig. 81 shows 
the proper position. Fig. 86, with the vertical dropping through 
tlie apex of hoof, is the reproduction of a perfect coffin bone, 
photographed from nature. The line of pressure was thrown 
back from its correct vertical position by an undue length 
and height of the wall at the toe (see Fig. 82). The reverse 
result is obtained by an excessive height of the heel, as shown 
in Fig. 85. In the one instance a preponderance of the weight 
is thrown upon the flexors, and in the other upon the extensors; 
and in both cases depriving the bone structure of tlie limb of 
its primary function of being the organic weight bearer. 

The practical result of thus placing the foot out of line 
with reference to the vertical position of the cannon bone, and 




Fig. 8L coffin bone. 
Lateral view — correct position. 



54 



SCIENTIFIC HOKSESHOEIXG. 




Fig. 82. high toe. 

Defective results shown by lines B, B, 
audD, D. 



passes through tlie axis of the 
caimon bone reaches the ground 
at an appreciable distance back 
of the heel, thus showing the 
entire foot and limb are thrown 
forward out of their proper posi- 
tion. Moreover, the inclination 
of the pastern joint is enormously 
increased, as shown by the line 
D, J), whereas the proper in- 
clination is shown by the line 
B, B. Now, if the toe is low- 
ered the distance marked C, C, it 
is apparent that the vertical line 
A, A, will be thrown forward till 
it will pass through the axis of 



the proper inclination of 
the pastern joint, is pre- 
cisely the reverse of what 
is the general conclusion 
of the average horseman. 
For instance, an abnor- 
mal high toe invariably 
pitches the foot and limb 
forward, and an extra 
high heel (Fig. 85) has 
the opposite result. This 
is plainly shown in Fig. 
84. By elevating the toe 
the vertical line that 




Fig. 83. coffin bone, same defect. 



' LAMEXESS AM) DISEASES, ETC. 



oo 





tlie ankle joint and toucli the heel at the ground surface. The 
foot will then resume its normal 
position, by standing further 
back directly under the limb. 
This investigation is so 
important in its practical re- 
sults that the converse eflect 
of excessive height of tlie 
heels is illustrated in this con- 
nection. Fig. 84 shows this 
defect in dressing the hoof for 
the shoe. The vertical line of 
pressure, A, A, is thrown for- 
ward bevond the axis of the 



Fig. 84. shows defect caused by 
too high heels. 

cannon bone, so that it 
reaches the ground far in 
advance of the angle of the 
heel. The inclination of the 
pastern is made more up- 
right, as shown by the line 
J), D, instead of preserving 
its normal position as indi- 
cated b}-- the line B, B. If 
the heels are lowered the 
distance indicated by the 
line C, C, the foot will be 
clianged to the correct po- 
sition indicated by E, E, 
and all tlie bones, joints, 



Fig. 85. coffin bone, same defect. 



o6 



SCIENTIFIC HOKSEtiiluEl.NU. 




Fig. 86. coffin boxe — vertical, in 

LINE. 

Fig. 86 is a photograph of a perfect 
coflin bone, exactly level on sole 
bearing, with the flexor tendon cut 
off even with B, the navicular bone. 
In a well-balanced foot the vertical 
dropped from the center of the knee 
passes through the center of the apex 
of the cofhn bone. 




Fig. 87. coffin bone — vertical out 

OF LINE. 

Fig. 87 is a photograph of a perfect 
coffin bone, showing the effects of an 
uneven height of quarters. Assum- 
ing width of hoof 4 inches on the 
bottom, distance from base to knee 
20 inches, difference of height in 
quarters of } inch would cause a dis- 
placement of 1} inches at the knee, 
thus unevenly distributing the weight 
and bearings. 



tendons and ligaments will operate in structural har- 
mony. 

We are now prepared to advance to the consideration of 
the foot and leg in their proper positions as weight bearers. 

Fig. 88 has been drawn with great care to show the perfect 
front limb and foot. It is correctly placed under the carcass, so 



LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC» 



67 





Fig. 88. perfect front 
i.imb and foot. 



Fig. 89. front limb and foot pointing for- 
ward — HIGH toe. 



that the bone structure from the shoulder to the ground surface 
shall bear its exact proportion of the body, and enable all the 
complex actions of the joints, tendons and ligaments to operate 
with the greatest ease, precision and effect. 

Fig. 89 shows the limb and foot pointing forward, by reason 
of the causes heretofore explained. The invariable result ot 
this faulty position is soreness at the point of the frog. To re- 
lieve this painful ailment, the toe should be lowered and the 
wall relieved at the toe, so that no bearing will be placed upon 
the shoe, at least the thickness of a Xo. 5 horseshoe nail around 
the forward arch of the hoof, and the two toe nails be left out. 
This will give almost instant relief. 





58 SCIENTIFIC IIOliSESHOEI.NC. 

The opp'isite 
result, from an ex- 
cessive heii^bt of 
heel, is exempli- 
fied ill Fig. 90. 
The trouble, after 
a careful examina- 
tion, will invaria- 
bly be located in 
the heel and the 
flexor tendon. 
Gentle pressure or 
slight blows will 
indicate tlie sore 
spot. The hard, 
unyielding sole at 
the point of pain 
should be re- 
moved and the 
Fig. 90. fkont i.imb and foot, inflammation re- 

PUINTING BACKWAKI,. ■ J UCcd by Staodiug 

the foot and limb in a batb of tepid water. The hospital shoe 
to prevent lameness, if the horse is needed for immediate use, 
can be selected from several approved patterns. It may be 
necessary to cover the sole of the foot for the first shoeing with 
protecting leather. When this is done the best shoe to use is 
the bar, as shown on page 233. As a remedial shoe it can be 
improved by welding on oblong heel calkins, and a long toe 
calkin set back from, the outer web of the shoe in front. If an 
open shoe is preferred, the four-calkin shoe illustrated on page 
213 (Fig. 101) will answer the purpose. In case the lameness 
is severe, the leather covering may be supplied with a packing 
to keep the sole of the foot from becoming hard and dry. In 
that event, my experience has demonstrated the benefit of using 




LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 



59 



fat pickled pork, just out of the brine, cut in lono^, thin slices 
and pressed well into the sore spot and into the commissures. 
The inflammation will be relieved if the foot, when thus packed, 
is placed in warm water for at least two hours, keeping up the 
temperature as hot as the hand can bear. 

If speed is required while the horse is under treatment, the 
rolling motion shoe (Fig. 125), on page 235, may be used ; or, 
if the action is already too high, the scoop-toe shoe (Fig. 121, 
page 232) can be substituted. 

"When the weight is thrown, by reason of a too high or long 
toe, unduly upon the flexor 
tendon, the result in violent 
action shows itself in either 
an inflamed flexor tendon 
or a complete let-down. In 
the latter case the usefulness 
of the horse is at an end, 
but in the former, remedial 
treatment, accompanied with 
absolute rest, insures a per- 
fect cure. The tendon bows 
out as shown in Fig. 91. 
The foot should be dressed 
as shown in the illustration, 
and a prepared surgeon's 
bandage, wrung out in witch 
hazel, applied as therein 
shown, after the limb has 
been thoroughly bathed in 
the same preparation. 

After the leg has thus 
been bandaged moderately 
tight, the foot should be 
shod witli the four-calkin 



fe' 




Fig. 91. 



FOOT PROPERLY PARED BKFOKE 
BEING SHOD. 



(30 



SC I E N T 1 F 1 C HO liS ]•: SHU K 1 .\ G . 



slioe as illustrated in Fig. 101, page 213. The licel calkins 
should be higher than the toe calkins. This will throw the 
weight forward npon the cannon bones and relieve the flexor 
tendons till the inflammation subsides. When this is accom- 
plished the witch hazel may bo discontinued, and the more 




Fig. 92. roar afteu being bandaged and shod. 

Stimulating liniment described on page 294, liecipe 3, can be 
substituted. The liniment can be alternated with the bandage, 
each being applied every other day for ten days, when nature 
will complete the cure. 

It may be useful to describe a proper soaking tub. Such a 
vessel is shown in Fig. 93. It should be made of hard wood, 



• LAMENESS AXI> DISEASES, ETC. 61 

about twenty inches iu height and width, with a strong bottom 
sufficient to stand the pressure of the heaviest draught horse. 
When the treatment is for inflamed tendons, the warn^ water 
should be at least sixteen inches in depth, while five or six 
inches of water is sufficient for the ordinary foot bath. 




Fig. 93. soaking tub. 



(52 SCIENTIFIC HOKSESHOEING. 



FAULTS OF STRUCTURE AND ACTION. 

REGULATED OR RESTRICTED BY SHOEING. 

A large percentage of the horses have feet or legs which 
are not perfect in conformation, and as a consequence of these 
imperfections they are especially predisposed to certain injuries 
and diseases, as well as to manifest discordance of action — un- 
desirable in itself and unpleasant in its etiects according to the 
rapidity of motion in different gaits. Much may be learned 
from careful observation of the action of an evenly-balanced 
horse, as a standard by which to compare and determine that 
which is defective or undesirable in figure and gait, as previously 
indicated in Chapters I and Y (6th edition). 

After examining the gait at which the horse moves, as 
pointed out, carefully study the poise of the legs and feet when 
at rest. The weak points of a horse's conformation can be bet- 
ter discovered while standing than while moving. If he is sound 
he will stand firmly and squarely on his limbs without moving 
them, with legs plump and naturally and equally poised ; or if 
the foot is taken from the ground and the weight taken from it, 
disease may be suspected or at least tenderness, which is the 
precursor of disease. If the horse stands with his feet spread 
apart, or straddles with his hind legs, there is a weakness in the 
loins and the kidneys are disordered. Heavy pulling bends the 
knees. A kicking horse is apt to have scarred legs ; a stumbling 
liorse has blemished knees, etc. 

jS'ever buy a horse in harness. Unhitch him and take every 
thing olf but his halter and lead him around. If he has a corn 
or is stift", or has any other failing, you can see it. Let him go 



FAUI.TY CONFORMATIOX AND MOVEMENT. Q^ 

by himself aways. Back him too. Some horses show their 
weakness or tricks in that way when they do n't in any other. 

The vital part of a horse, as far as his value is concerned, is 
the foot, for it is only as an organized locomotive machine that 
the horse is practically the most valuable companion to man. 
Hence without good feet and supple, muscular legs he would be 
of small value, either for work or speed, and the rational care 
of these underlies all else in the equine economy, as any impair- 
ment of them is a matter of extreme gravity and apprehension. 

It is difficult, indeed, to understand how the feet and les-s 
of horses stand the wear and tear of work in our great cities, 
where every step of their iron-shod hoofs is upon a hard, un- 
yielding road ; and where, even at rest in their stables, they are, 
in a majority of cases, condemned to stand upon hard floors. 
There is no other creature living — save and excepting the don- 
key or mule — which, can long bear the constant battering en- 
tailed by rapid locomotion over a paved surface. But if we 
look at the structure of the horse's foot (Figs. 3 to 15) we see 
how it is that the jar and vibration do not injure them more — 
severe as it is known to be. He is in fact mounted on springs, 
and it is not surprising that the intricate apparatus of locomo- 
tion, with its symmetry of movement and the perfection of its 
details should be admiringly termed " a living machine." 

In the language of another : " His very muscles appear at 
every motion, not soft and flabby, but firm and distinct. His 
veins, like rivulets, run in an infinite number of meanders, 
his limbs are clean, nervous, durable and ready at every call — 
and of all creatures he seems to approach nearest man, both for 
beauty, majesty and sagacity, and his services are likewise the 
most noble and excellent." 

The drawings on the following pages fairly illustrate the dif- 
ference between well-formed and malformed legs, and good and 
faulty standing positions. A comparison of these may enable the 
reader to judge for himself as to what is the best position, and 



64 



SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. 




1. Too straight. 2. Too much bent. 3. Too far buluiid. 

Fig. 94. faulty positions of hind legs, side view. 



what condition or malformation of tlie legs causes deviation 
therefrom. It must be borne in mind, however, that experience 
is the best and only teacher in matters of this kind, and that all 
I can attempt within the limits of this branch of my subject, 
is to set the reader on the right track ; the rest depends upon 
himself. 

The character and position of the hock has much to do with 
the standing position of the rear part of the horse, and the 
numerous faulty positions in which we show this is conclusive 
on this point. The qualities of a good hock are that it should 
be clear, rigid, and well defined, without pufiiness or swelling ; 
the bones should be large and prominent, and viewed from the 
side should appear wide above and below. They should be 
neither straight or overbent. There is also a relative value to 
be attached to hocks malformed or apparently difiering from 
those laid down. Horses with defective hocks may be good 
for one sort of work and unsuited to another. As for instance. 



FAULTY COXFORMATIOX AND MOVEMENT. 



65 



hocks that will not stand violent exertions may endure for years 
in quiet work ; but these are exceptions, and the rule stands 
good as before. 

Comparing Figs. 1, 2, 3 (page 200), and 4 and 5 (page 201), 
we recognize some broad distinctions. 

In Fig. 1, the hock is too straight. The legs in this posi- 
tion are subject to spavin and thorough-pin. 

In Fig. 2, the hock is overbent and we may look for curb. 

In Fig. 3, the leg is too far behind ; and, therefore, does not 
afford the horse sufficient propelling power. 

In Fig. 4, the hocks stand in and the toes stand out ; and 
in Fig. 5, the hocks stand out and the toes stand in. 

In contrast to the foregoing, Figs. 6 and 7 (page 202), rep- 
resent the usually recommended position and what is considered 
the best position ; and in connection herewith the reader is re- 
spectfully referred again to Fig. 1, illustrating the model horse, 
according to my 50 years' experience and observation. 





4. Hocks too close. 5. Hocks too open. 

Fig. 95. faulty position op hind legs, back view. 



66 



SCIENTIFIC HOKSKSHOEING, 





6. Position usually recommended. 7. Best position. 

Fig. 96. good position of hind legs. 



Figs. 8, 9, 10 and 11 
represent faulty positions of 
the fore legs. In Fig. 8, 
the elbow stands ont and the 
toes stand in, commonly 
called " pigeon toes." In 
Fig. 9, the elbows stand in 
and the toes stand out, caus- 
ing the knees to spring to- 
gether. 

In Fig. 10, on the 
189th page, we have a side 
view of what is termed a 

8. "Pigeon-toed." 9. Knock-kneed. " calf leg," in this the Verti- 

FiG. 97. FAULTY POSITIONS OF FORE LEGS, cal liue from the should- 
er through the axis will pass outside of and at a distance from 




IWULTY CONFORMATION AND MOVEMENT. 



67 




the wings of the heels. This, as 
will be seen upon reference 
thereto, varies much from the 
requirements of a perfect horse. 
Such a position does not denote 
speed, but is not objectionable in 
a draft horse. In Fig. 11, the 
feet stand too closely together on 
the ground ; a position not recom- 
mended in a good horse. 

Finally, in contrast with 
these faulty positions of the fore- 
legs, we show front and side views 
10. Calf leg. 11. Feet too close, of them, ill w^hich the points 

Fig. y8. faulty positions of fore favorable in a perfect horse are all 

noticeable. In the side view, the 
foot is well under the leg, and the axis of the bones of the leg 
are all in line, as indicated 
by the vertical dotted line 
that drops from point of 
shoulder to foot, and the 
foot stands upon its proper 
angle. 

In the front view the 
conditions still remain the 
same. The shoulders are 
prominent, strong and well- 
set back, the fore arm is 
muscular, the fore leg tap- 
ered from elbow to foot, and 
the dotted line, in the ver- 
tical, passes directly through 
the axis of each les: and foot. 





12. Side. 13. Front. 

Fig. 99. VIEWS OF PERFECT LEGS. 



68 



CUKB. 



Curb. — This consists of an inflamniatioii and swelling of 
the posterior of tlie tendon passing over the calcis or hock 
bone. (See page 36, Fig. 2, in sixtli edition.) It is often 
accompanied with considerable heat, pain and lameness. It 




Fig. 78. itind leg, showing curb, 
before being shod. 




Fig. 74. showing difference of 

POSITION OP leg with CIRB BAN- 
DAGES AND FOOT SHOD. 



is caused by overtaxation of the back tendon passing over the 
oscalcus or hock bone, and is often the result of hard pulling, 
prancing or galloping over uneven ground surface, etc. The 
peculiar formation of some hind legs renders them more likely 



CURB. 69 

to spring curbs than others . It is always the result of over- 
taxation, and does not admit of much labor in the affected 
parts. It should be treated as soon as possible. Fig. 73 
shows an extreme case of curb, such as may come from the 
feet and legs standing too far under the bod}^ (see p. 200, Fig. 
94), the result of a bent or cycle hind leg formation. In 
these cases use four calkin shoes (p. 213, Fig. 101) . The 
heel calkins should stand higher than the toe calkins, thus 
placing the foot farther back ; and the changed position, 
together with the elevated heel, will support the leg and 
relieve the strain upon the affected Aveak joint. Bathe the 
curb frequently in warm water, and bandage in four or five 
thicknesses (Fig. 74) . After the inflammation has subsided, 
apply liniment described in Recipe 3, page 294, for a week 
or more. If any callous remains, paint the surface witli 
iodine until it disappears. 



70 

LINE TROTTER 
kJ A SLOW GAIT. 



i^ 



m 



® 



^ 



Fig, 12. 

A, A, front footprints. 

B, B, hind footprints. 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 

SPEED HORSES AND THEIR STRIDE. 

It seems iucumbciit upon me to say a word 
as to the gaits and strides of horses. In gen- 
eral, it may be hiid down that no two beings, 
human or animal, are alike, so diversified is 
nature ; and, therefore, what can be said of 
one horse, can not be said of another. But 
as each horse, when up to speed, has its own 
individual stride, just as it has its own record 
for speed, a few examples from the first in the 
race will serve our purpose. Now, in the 
first place, we should understand that in any 
case, as a horse starts upon a walk, changes 
to an amble, breaks into a trot, and then 
speeds away, in each instance the stride is 
lengthened, and when up to speed varies ])ut 
a trifle. Again, I have watched very closely, 
and noticed that as a horse increases his speed 
he quickens his strides. Take a horse, for 
instance, going at a 2:30 gait, and suppose he 
increases his speed to a 2:20 "clip," the 
change is quite noticeable. Let the speed be 
increased to a 2:10 " clip," it is very plain he 
must have quickened his stride ; and when 
the Sliced drops down to 2:04 or 2:03|, the 
increased number of strides is very noticeable. 
The following illustration may make my point 
more clear to the reader : 

Fig. 12 is the diagram of a line trotter at 
a slow gait. In this instance it will be seen 
by the footprints that the hind feet, B, B, fall 
right in line and behind the front feet. A, A. 
Such was Maud S at a slow, jogging trot. 
The next illustration. Fig. 13, shows the 
stride of Maud S when up to speed in her 



USEFUL PRESCKIPTIU^S. 



71 



MAUD S. STRIDE 



i 



d 



($3 



Fig. 13. 

A, A, front footprints. 

B, B, hind footprint. 



fastest work, when she made her famous 
record of 2:08f , to a high-wheel sulky, over 
the Cleveland track in the year 1885. When 
up to speed, note how her hind legs and 
feet, B, B, swung out around her body and 
landed six inches ahead of her front feet. A, 
A, in a true line. Maud S was called a line 
trotter. Her stride on this occasion, meas- 
ured accurately by those who know, is said 
to have compassed eighteen feet six inches. 

The representation of Maud S, page 37, is 
one of the only cuts extant, and was taken 
at the time she made her great record over 
the Cleveland track, of 2:08|, to a high-wheel 
sulky, a record which stands to-day unbroken 
to a high-wheel sulky. She was photo- 
graphed when up to speed, with all four 
feet off the ground at the same time, and, 
as many will recognize, she was driven by 
W. II. Baer, her old trainer and driver. 



72 



"USEFUL PKESCKirno^ s. 




USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 



JAY GOULD STRIDE. 



73 



f 



^ 



A 



^ 



I 

m 



Pig. 14. 

A, A, front footprints. 

B, B, hind footprints. 



Jay Gould's stride was very wide be- 
hind, as shown in diagram. A, A, 
represents the front footprints ; B, B, 
the hind footprints. This famous trot- 
ting stallion was so wide gated behind 
as to have made it very tirtsome for' 
him, and if as much had been known 
in his day as at present about the shoe- 
ing of trotting horses, he could have 
been shod behind so as to have closed 
up his gait and increased his sf)eed 
from four to ten seconds. Jay Gould 
was as plucky, as game a horse as ever 
was entered upon the track. It is my 
opinion that for the lowering of records 
in the past thirty-five years and more 
of trotters, from 2:40 to 2:03f, the 
modern farrier, educated and experi- 
enced, can not be given too much 
praise, and also for his labor in balanc- 
ing the leg and body so as to equalize 
the pressure to all parts of the foot and 
leg. Thus a uniform motion is pro- 
duced, no unnatural strain fatigues one 
part of the body more than another, 
and the motion of the trotter is like 
clockwork in its regularity. 



74 USEFUL PKKSCKiPTIONS^ 

NATURAL TROTTER 



m 



(i 



# 



11 



II 



s 



Fig. 15. 
A, A, front footprints. 
■*^- B. hind footprints. 



Fig. 15 ropresents the true gait of a 
majority of trotters when up to speed. A, 
A, footprints of front feet ; B, B, footprints 
of hind feet. 

In all long-striding horses, when up to 
speed, the hind feet are carried in advance 
of the front footprints, sometimes eight 
inches more or less. The stride in front 
and behind are of the same length at each 
footfall, and the foot fall is as regular as the 
tickino; of a watch. 



CROSS FIRER 



USEFUL PRESCKIPTIOXS. 75 

CROSS-FIRING. 

Probably no infirmity of action impedes the 
gate of the trotting and pacing horse, causing 
liim to become discouraged and leg weary, and 
thus condemning him as wanting in race horse 
courage, than the vicious habit of cross-firing. 
This drawing shows very plainly the foot-prints 
of the horse that cross-fires with the right hind 
limb and foot. Letter A indicates tlie front 
foot-print, while B shows the hind foot-print. 

In order to determine the extent of cross- 
firing, the studious farrier should have the 
horse speed on a level dirt road or track, and 
then accurately measure the foot-prints with a 
tape line, in order to ascertain the stride of the 
front and hind feet. To his surprise, this dia- 
gram on the ground will disclose the fact that 
the Cross-firing hind limb and foot will make a 
stride from three to six inches shorter than 
that of the opposite hind limb and foot ; and, 
furthermore, this instructive diagram will show 
that the stride of the left front foot will be from 
three to six inches shorter in the stride than 
the right front foot. 

In all cases of this kind, the front feet should 
be shod with shoes of equal weight. Then to 
the shorter striding front hoof apply the stick- 
fast toe weight, one ounce to the inch ; so that 
six inches shortness of stride requires six ounces 
in the toe weight. 

Then pare the cross-firing hind foot, as de- 

g scribed on page 260, and shoe the same with 
the cross-firing pattern, as illustrated in figures 

A 165 and 166, on the same page of my sixth 



76 USEFUL rHESCRIPTIONS. 

edition of Scientific Horseshoeing. These hind shoes should 
also be of equal weight, but on the outside of the foot tlie 
horse cross-fires with, should be attached a stick-fast weight 
having exactly the same ounces in weight that the cross-firing 
hind stride is short in inches. 

The desirable patterns for the front feet will be found illus- 
trated in figures 150 and 151, pages 252 and 253, of the sixth 
edition of Scientific Horseshoeing. The prevalent cause for 
cross-firing is that of unbalanced feet, produced largely by un- 
even dressing, and rarely by misshapen limbs. To the mis- 
shapen feet and limbs can be ai)plied, too often, badly con- 
structed and fitted shoes. Sometimes the causes are more hid- 
den than these ordinary troubles. For instance, the teeth are 
sometimes out of order, causing the horse to take the bit on 
one side, and thus throwing the head and neck out of line. 
This one-sided carriage of the head and neck is frequently ac- 
companied by tilting the rump to the opposite side. "With the 
use of the cross-firing shoe above set forth and the aid of the 
weights, and the balancing of the feet, the stride can thus be 
made as regular as the ticking of a watch. 

It is to be hoped that these remedial agents have been 
made so clear to the average farrier that horses thus afflicted 
will be universally benefited. 



USEFUL PRESCRIPTIONS. 



77 



SPLAYFOOT. 



Splay Foot. 

Fis:. 17 shows the inward and 
outward sweep of the horse's 
foot, known as splay foot. This 
evil causes horses to hit and 
bruise the ankles, shins, and 
knees. Low speed, low cut ; 
high speed, high cut. Full in- 
structions for shoeing splay foot 
will be found on pages 208 
(Fig. 100) and 202 (Fig. 83) , 
in "Scientific Horseshoeing," 
sixth edition. 




Pigeontoe. 

Fig. 18 shows the outward 
and inward sweep of the horse's 
foot, known as pigeontoe, just 
the opposite sweep to the splay 
foot. In my work upon ' ' Scien- 
tific Horseshoeing," page 216, 
Fig. 101, I have given cut of 
shoe to remedy the above evil. 
Rarely, if ever, do pigeontoed 
horses hit their ankles, shins 
or knees. 



PIGEONTOE 




Fig. 17. 



Fig. 18. 



7S 
LINE 



USEFUL rUKSCllirTlOXS. 



TROTTER 



m 



THE LINE TROTTER. 
I The trotting horse that moves as close to a 

straiglit line in his action, economizes in the 
greatest degree his muscular exertions, as well 
as shortens the space over which he moves to 
the goal. It must be remembered in the math- 
ematical axiom that a straight line is the short- 
est distance between two given points, applies 
with force to the action of the trotting horse. 
The trotting action that is all abroad, technic- 
) ally speaking, Avherein the hind legs violate 
tlie line precision by excess of width and 
height, and the front legs climb, with a waste 
of knee action as to interfere with the length 
of stride, means over-exertion, muscular wea- 
' riness, and total exhaustion at the finish of a 
race. 

Tlie illustration, clearly shows tlie foot j^rints 
of a line trotter : 

.1 shows the print of the front foot, and 

B that of the hind foot. 

Such a horse trots .with tlie precision of a 
perfectly constructed machine. He must be 
perfect at birth. His stifles must be developed 
straight, with the points turning neither out- 
wardly nor inwardly, for the outward turning 
of the stifles indicates the straddler in action, 
while their inward turning would make the 
horse pigeon-toed behind, with a predisposition 
to cross-firing. But, if the stifles are straight, 
tlie hind feet will land in a line with the front 
feet ; all the prints will flex straight, backward 
g and forward in their journals, and the horse 
A. can sustain his sj)eed with extreme endurance, 



USEFUL PKESCRIPTIONS. 79 

because he moves with the greatest possible economy of mus- 
cles. The stride of such a trotter can be lengthened or short- 
ened by the rules laid down in Scientific Horseshoeing, as his 
development in speed may require. But, to preserve his line 
of action, he must be shod so as to be perfectly comfortable 
in his feet. This means that the comparative length of toe 
and height of heel should be accurately adjusted ; that the 
foot should be dressed to a level ; that the weight of the shoe, 
and in the sulky or road wagon should be in proj)ortion to 
his muscular capacity, and that all his brushes of speed 
should be finished well within his courage. If he is short 
pasterned, he will have a quick-drum-beat revolution, and 
this should not be interfered with to the extent of making 
his muscles sore. 

If he is long in the pasterns, he will be long gaited, and 
provided in either action the horse goes clear free from hop- 
ping or hitching, or cross-firing or over-reaching or any other 
defects, then he should be shod with thin, broad, wide web 
shoes, that place the hoof as near to the ground, almost, as 
in the natural state ; and the front shoes should not be made 
more than two and one-half or three ounces heavier than the 
hind ones, in order to comply with the same relative weight 
of the front and hind feet in their natural green state. Thus 
shod and rigged, the line trotter in perfect condition, under 
the most skillful reinsmen, is destined to become the perfec- 
tion of the fleet-footed trotting horse. 



80 



USEFUL PKIOSCRirXIOXS. 



HITCHING AND HOPPING BEHIND IN 
TROTTING MOTION. 

Tliis clrawiug accurately marks the 
foot-prints of the horse that hitches, 
•while trotting, with his right hind foot. 
In diagram, letter A shows front and B 
hind foot prints. The most unusual 
cause for hitching is tlie malformation 
of the offending hind limh ; that is, in 
some cases it is shorter than the other 
one. In all my experience, of more than. 
a half a century, as a farrier, I have 
never found but two cases of this de- 
scription. The method of discovery is , 
of sufficient interest to narrate. I pro- 
cured a carpenter's leveling board, then 
stood the horse upon a level board floor 
with a man in front to hold his head at 
the prox^er angle with the body. The 
leveling board was then laid across the 
hips. I then took two iron rods, stood 
one end on the floor, placed one rod on 
each side of the hips, and took the 
measurement on rods under the level- 
ing board. I then placed the spirit level 
on top of leveling board, and then raised 
the low end of leveling board until the 
spirit level was accurately adjusted to a 
perfect level, and both measurements 
proved that one leg was just three- 
quarters of an inch shorter than the 
other. Subsequent examination and 
measurements showed this difference was 
in length of the hind limb. The shorter 



HITCHING^^HOPPING 



^ 



(k 



USEFUL PIlESCRIPTIO^■S. 81 

one required to be lengthened by shoeing. I selected a piece 
of iron three-quarters of an inch wide by three-eighths thick 
and turned it edgewise, then formed it into a shoe and nailed 
it on to the foot. The opposite foot was shod with a thin, 
fiat steel shoe. This gave the short leg tlie required three- 
quarters of an inch to make it the same length as the other 
limb, and the horse moved off clear in stroke in one shoeing 
and the hitching disappeared. This horse was the noted 
trotting horse called Galier, owned in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 
1870. 

The other horse, similarly afflicted, was a noted road horse 
owned in Chicago. I found that the rear hind limb, upon 
close examination, was five-eighths of an inch shorter than 
the opposite limb. The same remedy was applied. The 
short limb was lengthened to the length of the other by 
making and placing thereon a shoe five-eighths of an inch 
thicker than the other hind shoe. The horse moved off 
square without the chronic hop that had before disfigured 
his trotting action. 

But generally the hind legs are of the same length, and the 
cause of hitching must be detected in the front action. Take 
the case of the phenominal trotting mare, Lida Bassett, 
whose performance at Chester Park, in 1883, startled the 
turf community. At first she hitched in her slow work in the 
left hind leg and then extended it to her brushes of speed. 
On one occasion, at Chester Park, I noticed that tlie mare 
nodded every time the right front foot landed on the ground. 
This led me to have the stride of the front and hind feet 
measured with a tape line. The front print of the right 
front foot was just four and one-half inches shorter than the 
left foot print. I removed the right front shoe, welded a 
spur in center at toe, bent up at angle at front part of foot, 
then placed a four ounce weight on spur on the right front 



8J USEFUL PUESCIUPTIOXS. 

foot and had the mare driven. The hitching entirely disap- 
peared on the left hind leg. This is one of the causes of 
hitching behind was in the opposite front leg. The stride 
of front and hind feet must be as regular as the ticking of the 
clock. 

In many instances the horse will hitch by being speeded 
every day, or being overdriven frequently at his highest flight 
of speed too long at a time. More frequently he is compelled 
to haul too much weight, and his ambition to forge ahead 
will frequently cultivate the habit of hopping or hitching 
as a means of overcoming the excess of weight he should 
drag along. Such horses have been known to hitch on one 
hind leg for a time till they get very weary and then rest 
themselves by shifting the hopping to the other hind leg. 

In all these cases the remedy should be apparent to the 
thoughtful farrier and owner. The feet must be dressed to 
a mathematical level ; their weight should be regulated to 
promote a balanced stride ; the weight burden should be 
lessened, and the impatience of the horse should be curbed till, 
by slow handling, he is again restored to a well-poised gait, 
and then his speed should be gradually quickened, always 
within the desire to hitch. 

In thus locating the various causes of hitching, the author 
trusts that his efforts may prove beneficial to the horse com- 
munitv. 



THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. 



83 



A, Flexor perforatus (attached to lower pas- 
tern bone). 

B, Flexor perforans (inserted under coffin- 
bone). 

C, Metacarpal or check ligament of the per- 
forans tendon. 

D, Suspensory ligament of the fetlock. 

E, Front extensor tendon (inserted into front 
of coffin-bone). 

P, Splint bone on outer side of the cannon. 

G, Branching of the suspensory. 

H, Branch of same passing forward to join 
the extensor tendon. 

I, J, K, Periosteum membrane covering the 
surfaces of the cannon and pastern bones. 

L, Fibrous reticulum covering the face of the 
coffin-bone and forming the reticular tissue leaves, 
or sensitive laminae, which dovetail into the horny 
leaves of the wall, completing the union of these 
regions. 

M, The pastern-supporting or check liga- 
ment. This has never before been shown in 
anatomical drawings. It binds the upper head 
of the lower pastern to the lower head of 
the upper pastern, and is located midway be- 
tween the flexor tendon and upper pas- 
tern bone. Its office is plainly duplex — it 
holds the ankle and pastern joint firmly 
in position, and divides the strain with the 
flexor tendon in its severe down- 
ward action. 




Fig. 4. external side view of left froxt 
limb, showing the articulations, tendons, 
and ligaments of the knee, fetlock, and 

FOOT. 



84 



SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. 



A, Coffin-bone. 

B, Navicular-bone. 

C, Lower pastern-bone. 

D, Upper pastern-bone. 

E, Cannon-bone. 

F, Velvety tissue or sensitive sole. 

G, Horny wall. 
H, Horny sole. 

I, Horny frog. 

K, Plantar-cusbion or sensitive sole 

L, Horny laminae. 

M, Sensitive laminge. 

N, Front extensor tendon. 

O, Perforatus (superficial flexor). 

P, Perforans (deep flexor of the foot 
inserted under the coffin-bone. 

Q, Metacarpal ligament (joining the 
perforans tendons. 

R, Suspensory ligament of the fet- 
lock. 

S, Sesamoid-boue (dotted line). 

T, Branch of per- 
foratus tendon attached 
to lower pastern-bone. 




Fig. 5. median section of front digit, from base 

OF FOOT to head OF CANNON BONE, SHOWING ARRANGE- 
MENT OF THE ARTICULAR AND MUSCULAR APPARATUS. 



The dotted line through center of digital bones shows the 
line of action of weight from above to below, and marks the 
normal ans^le of the foot. 



THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. 



85 




Fig. 6. side view of the outside half of the right front foot with 

WALL of the hoof REMOVED, SHOWING NUMEROUS LEAVES OF THE SENSITIVE 
LAMIXAL TISSUE. 

A, Median section of the hoof, continued through wall, sole and frog. 
B, Base of hoof on opposite side. C, The keratogenous membrane or sensi- 
tive laminse, covering the upper face of the pedal-bone, consisting of vascular 
leaves, designed to interlock with the horny laminae on the inner face of the 
wall of the hoof. D, Tlie coronary-cushion, showing its continuance to the 
bulbs of the plantar-cushion at the heel and the perioplic ring around its upper 
border 



To the great vascularity of these sensitive tissues is due the 
bright red color they show on the surface. They form in their 
connection with the plantar surface of the velvety tissue, the es- 
sential apparatus of touch and feeling in the foot. They are, in 
addition, highly elastic and assist in the springy action so neces- 
sary to the ease of the foot when exerted in speed or in the severe 
strains of drawing heavy loads. 



86 



SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. 




A, Numerous leaves of the sensi- 
tive laminpe (podophyllous tissue) 
formed by the reticulum covering the 
external face of the coffin-bone, and 
which interlock with the horny 

.leaves (keraphyllous tissue) of the 
surrounding wall. 

B, Coronary-cushion, the organ 
which develops the horny wall, and 
acts in reciprocal relation between it 
and the skin above, as an elastic 
medium of connection. It also 
unites in the same manner with the 
vascular laminte, and is prolonged 
downward at the back, into the bulbs 
of the plantar-cushion and the villoup 
tunic of the velvety tissue. 



Fig. 7. front view ov the horse s 
foot, showing the superficial appear- 
ance of the keratogenous membrane, 
or laminal tissue, after re.moval of 

THE HOOF. 



The villi of the coronary-cnshion and velvety tissue deter-' 
mine the structure and maintain the elasticity of the entire 
hoof. The laminal tissue has the property of throwing ont a tem- 
porary horn, whether exposed by stripping oiF the hoof or by 
the active changes of inflammation, but this must be replaced by 
that from the coronet when the foot returns to its normal condi- 
tion. 



THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. 



87 



Fig. 8. internal structures of the region of 
the left fore-foot as seen from the outer side. 

A, Lateral cartilage of the coffin-bone. 

B, Reticulum, enveloping the coffin-bone, sus- 
taining the blood-vessels and laminal tissues of 
this region. 

C, Tendon of the front extensor of the foot to 
its insertion on eminence of coffin-bone. 

D, Terminal of the side extensor of the foot. 

E, Rear face of the sesamoid branch of the 
transverse ligament. 

F, Periosteum membrane, covering the surfaces 
of the cannon and pastern bones. 




These plates represent the arteries in red, the veins in blue, 
and the nerves in white. Each of these systems maintains the 
most intimate relations with the others and meets in the extremi- 
ties in various forms of branches, collaterals, and ganglionic en- 
largements, remarkable alike for their large volume, intricate 
reticulation and extreme delicacy. 

The divisions shown in this plate are the digital and ungual 
arteries and veins of the plantar region, the veins of the coro- 
nary plexus, and the median circumflex artery of the foot to- 
gether with the digital branches of the median or cubic plantar 
nerve. 



38 



SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. 




B, Continuation of the fibrous reticulum, 
for the support of the vessels and leafy tissue on 
the coffin-bone. 

C, Tendon of the front extensor of the foot 
goincr on to the coffin-bone. 

E, Rear margin of sesamoid ligament. 
P, Periosteum of the cannon- and pastern- 
bones. 



Fig. 9. internal stkuctures of the region of 
the left fore foot, as seen from the inner side. 

The digital arteries and veins course almost immediately be- 
neath the skin. Descending from above the fetlock joint they 
follow the course of the flexor tendon and throw out innumerable 
twigs and divergant ramifications to supply the surfaces, as well 
as the deeper tissue substances of the foot. Those shown in this 
plate are the perpendicular artery, circumflex coronary, artery 
of the plantar cushion, preplantar ungual, venous network of the 
lamina! tissue, coronary plexus, and the deep cartilaginous layer 
— all flanked by the plantar nerve, which interlaces them with 
numerous filaments. 



THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. 



89 



Fig. 10. FROXT view of the foot region, 

SHOWING THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE INTER- 
NAL STRUCTURES. 

A, Front border of the lateral cartilage 
of the cofRn-bone (the corresponding piece 
on the other side having been removed). 

B, Continuation of the reticulum, form- 
ing the membraneous net, which holds in its 
meshes the dependent vessels and laminal 
tissues on the coffin-bone. 

C, Tendon of the front extensor of the 
foot to its insertion in the coffin-bone. 

D, Terminal of the side extensor of the 
foot. 

F, Inner and outer borders of the can- 
non-bone. 




The external and collateral branches of the perpendiculai 
artery and satellite veins and nerves are here shown by their an- 
terior branches, which concur in forming the articular branch of 
the phalanx, veiny plexus of the coronary crown circle, and net 
of the reticular tissue, accompanied by the vasa motor nerves 
belonging to the plantar system. 



90 



SCIENTIFIC HOKSESHOEING. 




A, Rear border of the lateral cartilagL' 
(the other being omitted). 

B, Pyramidal base or bulbs of the plan- 
tar cushion or sensitive frog, interposed be- 
tween the perforans tendon and the horny 
hoof. 

C, Reinforcing phalangeal sheath cover- 
ing the perforans tendon and the suspen- 
sory ligament with a fibrous expansion and 
attaching itself to the larger part of the 
pastern-bones. 

D, Flexor perforans at its exit from 
between the two branches of the perforatus. 

E, Superficial bundle or ring of the 
sesamoid ligament. 

F, Flexor perforatus, giving off two 
branches toward the bottom, which become 
attached to the lower pastern-bone. 



Fig. 11. BACK OF the foot re- 
gion, SHOWING THE INTEltNAL AR- 
KANGEMENT OP THE PH.VLVNGES. 



The arteries, veins and nerves are the posterior offshoots of 
the internal and external collaterals, furnishing this region same 
•as previously referred to. 



THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. 



91 




Fig. 12. plantar sukface at lower face of the third or ungual 
phalanx of the footi the pedal, or coffin-bone, upon which the digit is 

BASED 

This view represents the sole of the bone covered by the 
plantar reticulum and shows the origin of the preplantar ungual 
artery as it emerges at the retrossal process of the wings and 
loops into the semi-lunar anastomotic arch, communicating in 
the bone. The radiating branches from this arch and from the 
outer border correspond with the affluents of Figs. 13 and 14. 
The nerves shown are the descending posterior branches of the 
preplantar nerve, accompanying the digital artery on the retros- 
sal process, traversing the cartilages and laminal tissues, and 
terminating around the plantar ungual artery in the plantar 
fissure. 

The attachment of the deep flexor of the foot — the per- 
forans — is shown as covering the semi-lunar crest and the me- 
dian imprints of this bone; widening into a large expansion 
designated the plantar aponeurosis. This terminal expansion is 
covered by the plantar cushion which adheres to it most inti- 
mately. This muscle flexes the phalanges on one another, and 
it also concurs in flexing the entire foot on the fore-arm. 



92 



SCI KNTl KIC HORSESHOEING. 




A, Lower border of the lateral 
cartilage of the coffin-bone (the 
part corresponding to this on the 
other side being detached for 
this illustration.) 

B, The proper tissue, or vil- 
lous tunic of the reticulum, 
which is correlated to the upper 
surface of the velvety tissue, 
and answers to the periosteum 
on the coffin-bone, which it en- 
velopes like a villous sheath. 

C, The periphery of the re- 
ticular tissue, conspicuous for 
the divisions of arteries and ves- 
sels which it sustains and which 
prevail so largely throughout 

Fig. 13. the plantar reticulum or kera- the whole extent of the plantar 

TOGENOUS MEMBRANE COVERING THE LOWER FACE gyj.face 
OP THE COFFIN-BONE, AND SUSTAINING IN ITS 
MESHES THE VEINS OF THE SOLAR PLEXUS. 



The venous apparatus of the digital region is remarkable 
for the number, distribution and interlaced disposition of the 
vessels composing it. They are extended over and molded 
on the two last phalanges of the foot, discharging themselves 
by numerous descending and ascending branches, converging in 
flexiform nets and arches, and communicating with each other, 
or traversing every element, by an intricate system of arte- 
rioles or venules, analogous to the capillary system. 



THE FOOT OF THP] HORSE. 



93 



A, Lower face of the 
velvety tissue, or sensi- 
tive sole iminecliately 
overlying the horny 
sole, which it secretes. 

B, Base, or bulbs of 
the plantarcushion, sep- 
arated by the depression 
orcleft(mediau lacuna), 
on the inside of which 
the spur or stay of the 
horny frog reaches. 

C, Return of the bars 
to their junction with 
the wall. 

D, Arch, or spring of 
the bars, formed by their 
angle of inflection at the 
heels, also showing the 
laminal leaves covering 
them. 




Fig. 14. the lower face of the horse's foot, 
after removal of the horny hoof. 



The arteries forming the plexus or network furnishing this 
region of the foot are similar to those shown on the other 
plates, and like them proceed from the parent trunk, descending 
on the side of the digit, terminating in the plantar ungual 
branch from which the inferior communicating arteries pass 
through the foramina just above the edge of the coffin-bone, 
branching closely over the laminal tissue and uniting below to 
form the large circumilex, or peripheral artery, which runs 
around the toe. They also help to form the inferior circumflex 
artery and finally join the coronary plexus — collectively form- 
ing the circulatory apparatus of the entire digital region. 



H 



SCIENTIFIC JIUKSKSHOEING. 




Fig. 15. a pekfect hoof, kemovi:d from tii:: F(K)r, siiowixg a lateral. 

POSTEIlIOn VIEW OK A SOUND NATURAL AXD IIEAI.":iY D::Vr.LOPM::XT OF WALL — 
HORNY LAMIX.K— COnOXAnY CHAMBER — SOLE, Fr.OC-STAY, FLSSURES AND BARS. 



A TREATISE 



TEETH OF THE HORSE. 



BY W. A. LEWIS, D.V.S. 



A horse has 40 teeth and a mare 36. But few people 
stop to consider that they suffer with the toothache just the 
same as the human race. And quite often they are in a 
pitiful condition for weeks, and the owner or driver never 
thinks to examine to find what condition the horses' teeth 
are in. A large percentage of horses, if taken in time, could 
have their lives prolonged if the owner would have a quali- 
fied veterinary surgeon or dentist to operate on the animal's 
teeth in a humane way. Young horses should be looked 
after as well as old ones. Some colts during dentition ex- 
perience a great deal of trouble with their teeth. Many a 
horse has been killed for glander when it was nothing more 
or less than nasal gleet, and the cause is quite often due to 
the teeth. I know this to be true from practical experience. 

Ruminants and the pig and dog are susceptible to 
diseased teeth same as the horse, but they are passed by un- 
noticed. 

Many a time I have traced the seat of the trouble to the 
horses' teeth. Horses of all ages suffer more or less from 
long, sharp and projecting points which are often found on 
tlie molar teeth. They are situated on the inside of the lower 

lO.-)) 



96 A TREATISE OX THE 

nnd on the outside of the upper molars, and also occasioii- 
all}^ but rarely, on the inside of the upper molars. They 
vary much in size and shape, some being small and blunt^ 
wliile others are long and very tliin and sharp. Tlie injury 
tlicy produce will bo in proportion to their lengtli and the 
thinness of their edges or the sliarpness of their points. 

The external surface of each upper tooth usuall}^ con- 
tains two of these projections, which correspond with the 
ridges already described as running from the table surface 
to the roots of these teeth. 

The internal surface of the lower molars also contains 
two sharp projections, which usually are mucli shorter though 
sharper than those on the upper teeth. 

These projections are the result of limited lateral motion 
of the lower jaw. In masticating its food the animal works 
the lower jaw from side to side. Unless this motion is ex- 
tensive enougli to bring the whole table surface into wear, a 
portion of tlie teeth will not be worn away. 

In some animals the width of the upper jaw (which is 
always wider than the lower) exceeds that of tlie lower to 
such an extent that it amounts to a malformation. Cases of 
this kind have come to my notice where only half of each 
row of teeth came into wear, and tliat portion remaining 
out of wear had become so long tliat it bruised and lacerated 
the gums of the opposite jaw. Tlie lower teeth passing 
inside of the upper had cut deep cavities into the palatine 
processes, 

CRIBBING— CAUSES, EFFECTS AND TREATMENTS. 

Cribbing is a condition which may be considered as a 
vice or halnt rather than a disease. It consists in the horse 
laying liold of any stationary object with tlie teeth, sucli as 



TEETH OF THE HORSE. 97 

a manger, post, fence, gate, etc., and violent]}- extending liis 
neck, and then after a convulsive action of tlie tliroat a 
grunting sound is heard, accompanied by a gul[)ing in and 
swallowing of air. 

CAUSES. 

Many theories have been advanced witli regard to tlie 
cause of this vice. Some maintain tliat it is due to indi- 
gestion, others to the closeness of the incisor teeth, while 
some attribute it to a combination of both conditions. Others 
to idleness. The latter, with heredity, undoubtedly, is the 
main cause, and most cases occurring could be traced directly 
to them if pains w^ere taken to investigate their origin. Well 
fed vigorous colts sometimes get fretful and bite or lick the 
manger, eventually contracting the habit. With some ani- 
mals it seems to be natural ; they evidently derive much 
pleasure from the habit. 

The effects of cribbing are various. The teeth are worn 
away and occasionally broken, so much so in aged horses that 
they graze with difficulty. The grain is often wasted by 
dropping from the mouth into the manger or upon the floor. 
Digestion is impaired through the loss of saliva which 
escapes. The stomach and intestines become distended with 
gas, inducing colic, chronic indigestion and sometime acute 
indigestion, lowering the condition of the animal and event- 
ually producing death. 

All animals, however, do not suffer from colic and indi- 
gestion ; indeed, some remain healtliy, fat and sleek, notwith- 
standing they may be addicted to the vice in the severest 
form. 

Wind-sucking constitutes another vice equally as bad if 
not worse than cribbing. It consists in simply gathering air 
into the mouth, extending the head, arching the neck, gath- 



98 A TIIKATISH OX Till: 

ering \ho foot togotlioi- ami guli)ing down llio aii'. It dilfors 
from ci-il)l)iiig in that the animal doos not gi-asp any object 
witli the tooth. 

TREATMENT. 

Cribbing and wind-sucking constitute a decided unsound- 
ness and are incurable when once tlioroughly established. 
Were the vice due to pressure of tlio incisor teeth against 
each otlier, tlie extraction of one or two of them would cer- 
tainly remove the cause and be followed by a cessation of the 
habit. Some surgeons claim to have entirely dispelled the 
vice in young animals when first noticed by the extraction of 
one or more teeth. I have operated in that Avay (as an ex- 
periment), under like conditions on the teeth of several 
horses, but have never been able to entirely stop the habit. 
Sawing between the teeth can have no i:»ossible effect in 
breaking up the vice, although it is- frequently resorted to for 
that purpose. A neck strap buckled tightly around the 
throat while the animal is in the harness will act temporarily 
in checking the habit, but has no good effect whatever when 
removed, but, on the contrary, will press on the throat and 
produce roaring in some instances. 

To prevent the vice, give the horse something to do. 
Do not keep him tied in the stall from one week to another, 
but turn him out and give him plenty of exercise. 

* Horses which are crib-biters or wind-suckers are to be 
considered as unsound, as the vices generally arise from or 
cause indigestion, induce colic, tend to lower condition and 
to depress the vital powers. 

A crib-biter seizes the manger or some other fixture — 
the collar-shank when nothing else can be taken hold of — 



Williams' Prm-iice of Surgrri/, page 540. 



TEETH OF THE HORSE. 99 

Avitli his teeth, a relies liis neck and makes a belching noise. 
After a time the abdomen becomes evidently enlarged. 
Many crib-biters thrive moderately well, whilst others are 
always unthrifty, dry in the coat and hide-bound. Some 
practitioners maintain that air is swallowed during the act, 
whilst others state that gas is expelled from the stomach, and 
that the continual belching or eructation causes further de- 
rangement of the stomach, the increased formation of gases 
and the consequent tympanitis. I was at first disposed to 
think that the first opinion was the correct one, as it is quite 
possible for air mixed with saliva to be swallowed, but fur- 
ther experience inclines me to the latter, namely, that gases 
are expelled, and that increased disorders of the stomach are 
induced by the habit. A chronic crib-biter may be easily 
recognized by the appearance of the incisor teeth wiiich are 
worn and rounded at their anterior borders, and by an en- 
larged or hypertrophied condition of the muscles which de- 
press the jaw, the sterno-maxillaries, stylo-maxillaries, etc., 
and generally by the mark of a strap on the neck. 

A wind-sucker smacks his lips, gathers air into his 
mouth, extends his head, or presses it against some solid 
body, arches his neck, gathers his feet together, and un- 
doubtedly swallows air, blowing himself out, sometimes to a 
tremendous extent.* 

Of the two vices this is the worst ; a wind-sucker being 
more subject to colic, indigestion and polyuria than a crib- 
biter. 

To prevent crib-biting a muzzle or neck-strap made for 



* For my part I cannot understand why a crib-biter should only expel 

gas, and a wind-siicker swallow air. The action and noise made in both cases 

are similar, as also are the results of the vices. I am inclined to believe from 

observation that air is swallowed in both instances. 
L.ofC. 



100 A TREATISE ON THE 

tlie purpose is sold liy saddlers ; and for wiiid-sucking a 
sti-ap, studded with sharp points of iron opposite the lower 
part of the Jaw, is the best preventive, whilst the indi- 
gestion from which these animals seem to suffer is best com- 
batted with purgatives, alkalies, rock salt in the manger and 
regular work. Want of work, indigestion and the irritation 
of teething are generally the causes of these vices. 

* It is very doubtful Avhether crib-biting originates from 
an}^ disease. It may perhaps with more reason be considered 
a propensit}^, a habit, or a vice, which in time may result in 
indigestion, loss of condition, etc. This, however, depends 
much upon the extent to wdiich it is practiced, and the con- 
stitutional vigor or strength of the animal ; for it is well 
known that many a horse constantly practicing the vice is 
neither retarded in his growth nor injured in his health. 

As to the cause of this troublesome vice, it occurs mostly 
in young horses that are w^ell fed and insufficiently worked. 
There is no doubt also a special predisposition to the habit ; 
witli some horses it appears to arise naturally, as though the 
sucking or gulping down of air gave them pleasure or a relief 
from some sort of suffering. It has also been observed that 
horses at all disposed to it may be easily led into it by the 
practice of some men in cleaning them ; for if they clean 
them before the manger and irritate them with a too severe 
comb, and in parts where the}?- cannot endure it, they seize 
upon the manger for a counteraction of their sufferings, and 
in doing this first get a habit of it which may afterward 
extend to the removing of other pains or distressful. feelings. 
Some horses indulge in the habit of licking the manger and 
gnawing the woodwork, which may eventually lead to crib- 
bing. 



Dr. H. II. Paaren in Breeders'' Gazette, Vol. TX, page oo3. 



TEETH OF THE HORSE. JOl 

III practicing the vice, cribbcrs avail tliemselvcs of any 
prominent object even as small as a nail or a ring, and in the 
absence of any protruding or prominent object they will 
grasp the Iialter or bridle-rein. Horses that simply practice 
the act of wind-sucking require no resting point. When 
horses first begin to crib-bite, and sometimes inveterate crib- 
biters, they only indulge in the practice at intervals, some 
while eating and others while standing in the stable without 
food before them. During attacks of painful disease, cribbers 
do not attempt the act, and it may be regarded as a favorable 
sign when such a horse returns to his old practice. 

All sorts of preventives have beeil resorted to, including 
muzzling with steel rods fixed to the bit. The use of a broad 
leather strap around the throat is not to be recommended, be- 
cause it has got to gradually produce distortion or constric- 
tion of the windpipe and thus cause roaring. Our inquirer 
asks whether placing the horse in a stall devoid of anything 
upon which to get hold would be a preventive. Well, with 
the plurality of horses it may ; but we have seen some old 
and inveterate offenders thus placed who practiced tlie vice 
upon their knees and upon tlie hard floor wliile lying down. 

PARROT MOUTH. 

Parrot mouth is a deformity which is frequently noticed, 
and consists in the upper incisor teeth projecting in front and 
overhanging the lower incisors. The incisor teeth do not 
come into wear, and as a result they gradually increase in 
length beyond the gums.. In some cases the lower incisors 
come in contact with the bars in the roof of tlie mouth, lacer- 
ating thein and eventuall}^ producing seinous results. Tlie 
animal will fall away in flesh, presenting an emaciated ap- 



102 TKKTII OF THK lluRSE. 

pearance, and ma}' ovciitiially die of starvation, evcMi in tlie 
midst of plenty. 

A horse with a parrot mouth will feed well enough from 
the manger; but if turned out to pasture, experiences much 
difficulty in collecting the food. 

If the lower incisors wound the roof of the mouth they 
may be dressed down with the incisor cutters and the rasp. 
If the upper incisors wound the lower lip they should be op- 
erated upon in the same manner. 



HOW TO TELL THE AGE OF THE HORSE, 





Fig. :. 



The milk incisors of the lower jaw as seen Irom Ihe right 
eide, when fujly developed, arc here represented in their natural 
sije. The exterior surface of the teeth is arched as above 
represented. The explanation of the figure is: a, the nippers : 
(i, the middle tooth ; c, the corner tooth ; A, the contracted body 
of teeth; i, the narrow {arched neck of teeth ; m, the root of 
teeth ; A, B, C, the concave side of teeth towards hollow of 
the mouth ; d A f, d B f, d C f, the outer edges of teeth ; 
d e f, the inner edge of teeth, somewhat lower than the outer 
edge — the mark is enclosed within these inner and outer 
edges ; g, the hollow inside surface of body of teeth. 



Fig. 4. Half Year. 

A side view of the Jaw of a foal at six months, 
nippers; b, middle tooth ; c, corner tooth. 




Fig. 2. Half Year. 

An inside view of the lower jaw of a half-year-old foal. 
The outer and inner edges of nippers are worn, while only the 
outer edge of the middle teeth is worn, and the corner teeth 
have not yet come into contact. 




One Year. 



At one year old the lower jaw presents the appearance 
represented in this figure. The outer and inner edges of all 
the incisors are partly worn by grinding, while the inner edges 
of the corner teeth alone are uninjured. 




Fig. 3. Half Year. 

Outer side of the jaw of a foal at six months old. a, a, the 
nippers ; 6, t, the middle teeth ; c, c, the corner teeth. 




Fig. 6. Two Ycars. 

Here we have the lower jaw as it appears at two years old. 
The mark of the nippers and middle teeth is now worn down, 
as well as their edges. The inner edge of the corner teeth also 
begins to show wear. 

The Colt's teeth begin to shed at two and a half years old, 
and the permanent or Horse's teeth then appear to take the it 
places. 



104 



IIUW TO TJ;LL THK age of THK HOU8E. 




Fig. 7. A. 

The horse mcisora of the lower jaw as seen from the outside, 
with the outer surface arched towards the bony blade of the 
socket. The hook teeth are now seeu for the first time. 

$ Explanation : — a, a, the nippers ; 4, 6, the middle teeth ; 
c, c, the corner teeth ; K^ A", the hook teeth ; e, d, the line from 
d to e shows the position of the cavity in the outer partition of 
the mark ; Oi o, o, o, the furrows which distinguish the horse's 
teeth from the colt's teeth ; m, m, the roots of the books. 



A idpper in the various stages 
of development and wear from 
three years to twenty-four years. 
/ is the nipper just pusliing thro' 
at three years old ; from 1 to 2 
is its breadth, from 3 to 4 its 
thickness. // is the same tooth 
at six years, the crown worn off 
i inch, the breadth decreasing 
and the thickness increasing, so 
that the surface takes more of 
/ un oval form. /// is the tooth 
at twelve years old, the surface 
nearly round, and the breadth 
and thickness nearly the same. 
At eighteen years old the sur- 
face becomes triangular, as 
shown ,at JV. At twenty-four 
years the tooth is just the re- 
verse of what it was at three 
years, and the breadth is only 
lialf the thickness.— See V. 

The larger figure D shows an 
incisor of a full-grown horse, 
split lengthwise, d, a,/, the 
outer raised edge ; fl, 0, the fun- 
nel-shaped cavity of the tooth ; 
k, the hollow body of the tooth ; 
TO, the root not yet filled. 





Fig. 8. B. C. 

The large figures B and C represent side views of a horse 
incisor, in which the root c, c, is twice as thick as the upper 
f Dd. The two small figures on the right and left ot b and e 
show side views of a foai's tooth. 



FIG. 7. 



The incisor teeth of the lower jaw, from the insid e of the 
mouth, a, a, the nippers, showing wear of the upper and 
outer edge; b, b, the middle teeth, showing wear on the 
outer edge while the inner edge remains uninjured ; c, c. 
the corner teeth ; d, r, e, e, the dotted lines, mark the divisions 
between the crown of the teeth and the gums; A", K, the hook 
teeth about to push through the gums; m, ni, 7n, ?«, the roots 
of teeth not filled out with bony substance. 




Fig. 9. Two AND One-Half Years. 

The lower jaw at two and a half years old. The horse nip- 
pers are just i>usbing through the gums, while the middle arid 
corner teeth not yet shed (foal teeth) present a smooth, worn, 
surface. 



HOW TO TELL THE AGE OF THE HORSE. 



105 




Fic. 10. Three and One-Half Years. 



At three and a half years the lower jaw presents the appear- 
ance shown in this figure. The middle teeth (horse teeth) are 
just pushing through, and the nippers show wear on the outer 
edge. The cornpr teeth (foal teeth) are worn down blunt. 





Fig. 14. Five Years. 

The lower jaw at five years — an inside view. The nippers are 
worn down on both edges until the mark ia nearly gone. The 
outer edge only of the middle teeth shows wear, while the outer 
edge of the corner teeth is just beginning to be worn a little. 
The full-growD book teeth do not show any wear whatever 



Four and One-Half Years. 



At four and a half years the foal teeth are all gone from the 
lower jaw. The nippers show wear on both edges, and the 
outer edge of middle teeth is worn. The book teeth and 
corner teeth of the horse are just appearing. 





Fio. 15. Six Years. 

Is the lower jaw at six years old the nippers are worn down even 
•ith the middle teeth, which latter etill have a cavity. The inner 
edge of the comer teeth is also even with the outer one. 



Fig. 12. Five Years. 

A side view of the lower jaw at five years old. 





Fig. 13. Five Years. 

A front view of the lower jaw at five years old is here given. 



Fig. 16. Seven Years. 

The lower jaw at seven years is here represented. The pointed 
ends of the hook teeth have become more rounded, are worn away 
6omewhat. Both edges of the corner teeth are worn to a 
smooth surface, with a small cavity between them. The middle teeth 
have loet their cavity and show an even surface all the way across. 



106 HOW TO TELL THE AGE OF THE HORSE. 





Fig. 17. Eight Years. 

At eigbt years old the teeth of the lower jaw, forward of the hooks, 
ATA all equally worn, and only a trace of the mark is Been in the 
corner teeth. The edges of the hook teeth are worn down almost 



Frc. 21. Eleven Vears. 

In the upper jaw at eleven years old the mark of the comer teeth 
I worn down even with the edges. 





FIG. 18. NINE Years. 

The upper jaw at nine years old is shown in the above figure. The 
mark in the corner teeth is comparatively deep and clearly defined ; 
the mark is still visible in the middle teelh ; but it has almost entirely 
disappeared from the nippers, and the inner edge is worn down. 



Fig. 22. Twelve Years. 

Showing the lower jaw at twelve years old. The nippers are rouuJ 
or nearly so — as thick as lUey are broad. The middle teelh are get- 
ting round, and the corner teeth are gaining in thickness by com- 
parison with their breadth. 





Fig. 19. Nine Years. 

The upper jaw at nine years old— a side view, d, the indentation 
usually seen in the comer tooth. 



Fig. 23. Twelve Years. 

In the upper jaw at twelve years the iudentation i^i corner tooth 
has become larger and more, plainly visible, d, the indentation 
increased in size. 





Fig. 20. Ten Years. 



In the upper Jaw at ten years the mark in middle teeth i 
down. The mark in the corner teeth is still visible. 



Fig. 24. Thirteen Years. 

The nippers and middle teeth of the lower jaw at thirteen years 
old are almost perfectly round. Their breadth and thickness are the 
same. The corner teeth are not j'ct round, but are fast becoming so. 
The hool; teeth are now blunt. 



HOW To TELL THE AGE OF THE HOKSE 



107 




Fic. 25. FOURTEEN Years. 

The conier teeth of lower jaw have now become round. 




Fig. 29. Eighteen Years. 

The nippers in the lower jaw are triangular at eighteen 
years old. 





Fig. 30. Nineteen Years. 



The middle teeth of the lower jaw are also triangular at 
nineteen years old. 



Fic. 26. Fifteen Years. 

The nippers of the upper jaw become round at fifteen years 





Fig. 31. Twenty Years. 

In the lower jaw at twenty years old the corner teeth have 
become triangular. 



Fic. 27. Sixteen Years. 

The middle teeth of the upper jaw become round at sixteen 
years old. 




Fig. 32. Twenty-One Years. 

The nippers of the upper jaw ure now tri3ng\ilar. 




Fig. 33. Twenty-Two Years. 



Fig. 28. Seventeen Years; 

_, . .,. , I . u I . The middle teeth of the upper jaw become triangular at 

The corner teeth of the upper jaw become round at seven- , , rr .■ o 

, , twenty-two years old. 

leen years old. ■' ■' 



108 



HOW TO TKLL THE AGE Ol' TJIE HOUSE. 





Fig. 34. Twenty-Three Years. 



The corner teetb of the upper jftw assume the triangular 
form at twenty-three years. 



Fig. 38. Twenty-Seven Years. 

The nippers of the upper jaw iiave now become twice as 
thick as they are broad. 





FIG. 35. Twenty-Four Years. 

The nippers of the lower jaw are now twice as thick as they 
are broad. 



Fic. 39. Twenty-Eight Years. 



The middle teeth of the upper jaw are twice as thick as they 
re broad. 





Fig. 36. Twenty-Five Years. 

The middle teeth of the lower jaw are now twice as thick as 
broad. 



Fig. 40. Twenty-Nine Years. 

The corner teetb of the upper jaw at twenty-nine years old 
re twice as thick as they are broad. 





Fig. 37. Twenty-Six Years. 

The corner teeth of the lower jaw at twenty-six years are 
twice as thick as they are broad. 



Fig. 4h Twenty Years. 

Here we have a tooth of the lower jaw that is twelve lines loo 
long, as shown by the diagram. It has grown up a line each 
year, but, owing to its position too far forward in the mouth, 
it has not worn down proportionally. Them.ark indicates eigUl 
years, but we must add twelve for the extra hues — wliich gives 
twenty years as the true age of the horse. 



HOW TO TELL THE AGE UE THE HUKSE. 



109 




Fig. 42. 

Showing an inside 



Twenty Years. 

of tlie lower jaw at twenty years 





I 3S» « III f < S 3 

HI ii> I'' II 




when the teeth are twelve lines too long. Tho mark and the 
friction surface only show eight years' wear. 



Fig. 45. Sixteen Years. 



Here we have an outside view of a lower jaw at sixteen years, 
showing teeth ten lines too long. 





Fig. 46. Sixteen Years. 

This is an Inside view of the same Jaw in whieh the mark 
Indicates six years, but, as the teeth are ten lines too long, the 
true age Is sixteen vears- 



FiG. 43. Twenty Years. 

Here the superfluous length of the same teeth Is remove^, 
and we have an inside view of the lower jaw, showing tho 
natural wear of a twenty-year-old mouth. 





Fio. 44. Twenty Years. 

' Th'i gives an outside view of the loyer jaw, showing the 
?eth in their proper length at twenty years. 



Side view of horse's head, showing the fourth 
molar of the upper jaw one inch longer than the 
balance of the teeth and grinding away tooth in 
lower jaw. . Hundreds of horses have elongated 
teeth and are in need of treatment. 



110 



i)(JSi:S FOR THK JI'JKSE. 



DOSES FOR THE HORSE. 



Name of Drug. 

Aloes 

Alum 

Auise Seed 

Aqua Atninoniu 

Arsenic 

Assafoetida 

Biearhoiiiite of Potash. 

Bismuth 

Black Antimony 

Blue Vitrol 

Calomel 

Camphor 

Cantharides 

Carbolic Acid 

Castor Oil 

Cayenne 

Chlorate of Potash 

Copperas 

Crotou Oil 

Digitalis Leaf 

Epsom Salts 

Ether 

Fowler's Solution 

Gentian Root 

Ginger 

Glauber's Salts 

Iodide of Potassium . .. 

Linseed Oil, Raw 

Magnesia 

Mercurial Ointment... 

Nux Vomica 

Opium 

Prepared Chalk 

Quinine 

Saltpetre 



• Fn 



Dose. 
^ to 1 ounce. 

2 to 3 drachms, 
i to 2 ounces. 

1 to 4 drachms. 
1 to 5 grains. 

1 to 3 drachms. 

3 to 5 drachms. 
^ to 1 ounce. 

^ to ^ drachm. 
i to 1 drachm, 
10 to 40 grains. 
i to 1 drachm. 
3 to 6 grains. 

^ to 1 pint. 

5 to 25 grains. 
^ to 2 drachms. 
^ to 1^ drachms. 
10 to 15 drops. 
10 to 20 grains. 

2 to 8 ounces, 
i to 2 ounces. 

1 to 4 drachms. 

1 to 1 drachms. 

2 to 5 drachms. 

6 to 12 ounces. 

^ to li drachms. 
1 to 2 pints. 
:]■ to 1 ounce. 

15 to 25 grains. 
:|^ to 1 drachm. 
^ to 1 ounce. 
15 to 50 grains. 
1 to 3 drachms. 



DOSES FOR THE HORSE. 



Ill 



Najhe of Drug. 

Soda Bicarb ...... 

Soda Sulphite 

Solution of Lime 

Spirits of Chloroform 

Strychnia - 

Sulphur . 

Sweet Spirits of Nitre. ... 

Tannic Acid 

Tartar Emetic 

Tincture of Aconite Root. 
Tincture of Cantharides — 

Tincture Ergut 

Tincture Iodine 

Tiucture Iron 

Tincture Nux Vomica 

Tincture Opi am 

AVhite Vitrol 



Dose. 

3 to 8 drachms, 
i to 1 ounce. 

4 to 6 ounces. 
1 to 2 ounces. 
^ to 1 grain. 
^ to 2 ounces. 
Tt to 1^ ounces. 
20 to 40 grains. 
^ to i drachm. 
15 to 35 drops. 
1 to 2 drachms. 

1 to 2 ounces. 

^ to 1 ounce. 

2 to 4 drachms. 
1 to 2 ounces. 

5 to 15 erains. 



Note. — For a colt one month old, give one-twenty-fourth of the full dose 
for an adult horse as given above ; three months old, one-twelfth ; six months 
old, one-sixth ; one year old, one-third ; two 5'ears old, one-half; three years 
old, three-fourths. 



APR. n 1902 



]126'-lAPf,7 190? 



FOR AGENCY APPLY TO 

W. A. LEWIS, D.V.S., 

MT. VERNON, OHIO. 



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